Table 6.
Animal studies evaluating the potential reno-protective effects of zaprinast and udenafil.
| Reference/ Country/Year |
Studied Animal | AKI Model | PDE5I Route | Timing | Sample | AKI Renal Effects | PDE5I Renal Effects | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [79]/ USA/1995 |
Male Sprague-Dawley rats | IR renal injury model | Zaprinast Intravenously 0.03 and 0.3 mg/kg/min 24 h after ischemia |
POST | During clamping, PDE5i infusion, up to 6 days following ischemia | ↑sCr, ↓GFR | ↓sCr, ↑GFR, ↓Low MAP ↑UNaV, ↑Urinary cGMP ↑Cortical and medullary blood flow |
POS |
| [40]/ USA/2013 |
Female Sprague-Dawley rats | IR renal injury model | Zaprinast Intraperitoneally 10 mg/kg or 20 mg/kg Single dose 30 min pre-operatively |
PRE | 24 h post operatively blood samples and left nephrectomy |
No statistically significant differrences in either BUN levels or sCr levels or histologic scores or TUNEL positive cells | NEUT | |
| [80]/ Germany/2017 |
6-8-week-old mice | UUO model | Zaprinast, Intraperitoneally 10 mg/kg/day for 7 days |
POST | After 7 days | ↑cGMP, ↑sCr | ↑↑cGMP, ↑MMP9, ↑TGF-β ⇔sCr, ↓Collagen |
POS |
| [21]/Turkey/2017 | Female Wistar albino rats | IR renal injury model | Udenafil Orally: 10 mg/kg 1 h prior to clamping |
PRE | 60 min and 24 h after reperfusion |
↑BUN, ↑sCr ↑MDA, ↑NGAL |
↓BUN, ↓sCr ↓MDA, ↓NGAL Lowest pathological damage rates |
POS |
Abbreviations: AKI, acute kidney injury; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; IR renal, ischemia/reperfusion; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MDA, malondialdehyde; MMP9, Matrix metallopeptidase 9; NGAL, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin; PDE5I, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor; sCr, serum creatinine; TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling; UNaV, urinary sodium excretion; UUO, unilateral ureteral obstruction; ↓, reduced; ↑, increased ⇔, no change.