Scheme 1.

Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) inhibitors. (A) Atractyloside (ATR) and carboxyatractyloside (CATR) are two natural heteroglucosides that are produced in some plants such as Atractylis gummifera. ATR is a hydrophilic glycoside. A modified variant of an atractylenolide carries an additional carboxyl group at the C4 atom of the atractyligenin, which is then referred to as CATR; (B) Bongkrekic acid (BA) is a natural poison secreted by the bacteria Pseudomonas cocovenenans and the Gram-negative aerobic bacteria Cocovenenans. BA is a polyunsaturated long-chain fatty acid derivative (heptaenedioic acid derivate); (C) Closantel is a salicylanilide compound with narrow-spectrum anthelmintic action; (D) CD437 is the prototypical adamantyl arotinoid of the retinoid-related molecule family; (E) Leelamin is a naturally occurring product derived from the bark of pine trees. It is a diterpene molecule whose name derives from the Sanskrit word leela which means “play”. It has weak affinity for the human central cannabinoid (CB1) and peripheral cannabinoid (CB2) receptor; (F), MT-21 is an N-alkylpyrrolinone derivate.