Table 1.
Summary of 11 human studies on calciprotein particle (CPP).
| Author, Year | Study Design, Duration | Number of Subjects, Disease | CPP Type Studied | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nakazato et al. 2019 [20] | cross-sectional, N/A | 71 ACS | tCPP | High CPP levels associated with atherosclerosis. |
| Chen et al. 2019 [23] | cross-sectional, N/A | 45 CKD stage IV–V | CPP II | Larger CPP II diameter in patients with VC. |
| Viegas et al. 2018 [3] | cross-sectional, N/A | 16 CKD stage II-IV, 20 CKD stage V | tCPP | CPP from CKD stage V patients contained less fetuin-A and GRP and had CPP II like characteristics. |
| Yamada et al. 2018 [28] | cross-sectional, N/A | 10 diabetes mellitus type 2 | tCPP | CPP elevated 2 h post-meal, CPP inversely correlated with eGFR. |
| Cai et al. 2015 [30] | cross-sectional, N/A | 20 peritoneal dialysis | tCPP | CPP present, fetuin-A abundant in peritoneal dialysis effluent. |
| Smith et al. 2013 [32] | cross-sectional, N/A | 11 CKD stage III–IV, 42 HD, 18 peritoneal dialysis, 13 chronic inflammatory disease | tCPP | CPP increased in CKD III-IV, HD, peritoneal dialysis and chronic inflammatory disease patients; CPP was highest in HD patients with calcific uremic arteriolopathy. |
| Smith et al. 2012 [33] | cross-sectional, N/A | 200 CKD stage III–IV | tCPP | Higher CPP levels associated with increased aortic stiffness. |
| Cai et al. 2018 [24] | prospective cohort, 7 weeks | 12 peritoneal dialysis | tCPP | Dialysate with higher Ca2+ concentration had higher CPP content. |
| Ruderman et al. 2018 [25] | prospective cohort, 12 months | 62 HD | CPP I | Increase of serum CPP I after cessation of cinacalcet treatment. |
| Bressendorff et al. 2019 [17] | Interventional, 28 days | 57 HD | CPP I, CPP II | Higher Mg2+ concentration dialysis solution reduced both CPP I and CPP II levels, compared to standard dialysis solution. |
| Nakamura et al. 2019 [21] | Interventional, 16 weeks | 24 HD | tCPP | Lower CPP in lanthanum carbonate treated patients vs. calcium carbonate. |
Abbreviations: HD, haemodialysis; ACS, acute coronary syndrome; CPP, calciprotein particle; CPP I, primary calciprotein particle; CPP II, secondary calciprotein particle; tCPP, total calciprotein particles; CKD, chronic kidney disease; VC, vascular calcification; GRP, Gla-rich protein; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; N/A, not applicable.