Table 2.
Summary of 1 animal and 6 in vitro studies on CPP.
| Author, Year | Study Design | Animals/Cells | CPP Type Studied | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nemoto et al. 2019 [22] | animal | rats with 5/6 nephrectomy | tCPP | Lower CPP in rats treated with sucroferric oxyhydroxide. |
| Shishkova et al. 2019 [18] | in vitro | VSMCs | CPP I, CPP II | Both CPP I and CPP II induced VSMC intimal hyperplasia, more pronounced in case of CPP II. |
| Ter Braake et al. 2019 [19] | in vitro | VSMCs | CPP II | CPP II induced VSMC calcification. |
| Aghagolzadeh et al. 2017 [26] | in vitro | VSMCs | tCPP | H2S inhibits CPP induced VSMC calcification. |
| Cai et al. 2017 [27] | in vitro | VSMCs | CPP II | Pi or CPP II alone did not initiate VSMC mineralization, but CPP II with Pi did. |
| Aghagolzadeh et al. 2016 [29] | in vitro | VSMCs | CPP I, CPP II | CPP II induced calcification in VSMCs, CPP I did not. |
| Smith et al. 2013 [31] | in vitro | VSMCs | tCPP | CPP induce secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β in macrophages, but less significantly than that induced by hydroxyapatite crystals. |
Abbreviations: VSMCs, vascular smooth muscle cells; CPP, calciprotein particle; CPP I, primary calciprotein particle; CPP II, secondary calciprotein particle; tCPP, total calciprotein particles; H2S, hydrogen sulphide; Pi, phosphate; TNF-α, tumour necrosis factor α; IL-1β, interleukin 1β.