Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of patients according to the development of cancer after renal biopsy
| Cancer (−) | Cancer (+) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 777 | 45 | |
| Age (year) | 48.0 ± 15.9 | 57.1 ± 13.8 | < 0.001 |
| Gender (male, %) | 376 (48.4) | 25 (55.6) | 0.44 |
| Smoking history (n,%) | 174 (24.4) | 10 (23.3) | 1.00 |
| History of cerebrovascular disease (n, %) | 60 (7.7) | 4 (8.9) | 1.00 |
| History of coronary heart disease (n, %) | 48 (6.2) | 6 (13.3) | 0.12 |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 118 (15.5) | 11 (25.6) | 0.12 |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 481 (61.9) | 27 (60.0) | 0.92 |
| Chronic hepatitis B | 29 (3.7) | 3 (6.7) | 0.55 |
| Chronic hepatitis C | 3 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 1.00 |
| Liver cirrhosis (any cause) | 16 (2.1) | 1 (2.2) | 1.00 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128.3 ± 18.7 | 132.7 ± 23.9 | 0.24 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 73.9 ± 11.9 | 73.1 ± 12.6 | 0.65 |
| Protein (g/dl) | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 6.2 ± 1.2 | 0.71 |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 3.4 ± 0.8 | 3.3 ± 0.7 | 0.25 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 0.5 ± 0.4 | 0.5 ± 0.2 | 0.93 |
| Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 217.1 ± 89.3 | 213.2 ± 74.2 | 0.79 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 118.6 ± 46.7 | 106.5 ± 30.5 | 0.02 |
| Hemoglobin (g/dl) | 12.7 ± 2.2 | 11.8 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 1.3 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 2.7 | 0.09 |
| Glomerular filtration rate (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 80.1 ± 35.2 | 70.3 ± 36.3 | 0.07 |
| Urine protein to creatinine ratio (g/g cr) | 2.9 ± 3.7 | 4.0 ± 4.4 | 0.07 |
| Albumin by dipstick ≥2+ (n, %) | 565 (76.0) | 33 (75.0) | 1.00 |
| Pathologic diagnosis | 0.05 | ||
| Non-specific GN | 27 (3.5) | 1 (2.2) | |
| Amyloidosis | 2 (0.3) | 1 (2.2) | |
| Crescentic GN | 17 (2.2) | 2 (4.4) | |
| Diabetic nephropathy | 47 (6.0) | 4 (8.9) | |
| FSGS | 77 (9.9) | 5 (11.1) | |
| IgA nephropathya | 354 (45.6) | 12 (26.7) | |
| Lupus nephritis | 22 (2.8) | 3 (6.7) | |
| MCD | 68 (8.8) | 1 (2.2) | |
| MNa | 100 (12.9) | 11 (24.4) | |
| Immune complex type of MPGN | 30 (3.9) | 2 (4.4) | |
| TIN | 28 (3.6) | 3 (6.7) | |
| TMA | 5 (0.3) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Follow up duration until the detection of cancer (months) | 58.6 ± 44.6 | 63.4 ± 42.1 | 0.48 |
| Usage of immunosuppressive medication until the detection of cancer | |||
| Any kind of immunosuppressant (n, %) | 334 (43.0) | 28 (62.2) | 0.02 |
| Azathioprine (n, %) | 35 (4.5) | 4 (8.9) | 0.33 |
| Cyclophosphamide (n, %) | 106 (13.6) | 12 (26.7) | 0.03 |
| Mycophenolate (n, %) | 49 (6.3) | 4 (8.9) | 0.71 |
| Rituximab (n, %) | 11 (1.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.89 |
| Prednisolone (n, %) | 330 (42.5) | 26 (57.8) | 0.06 |
| Tacrolimus (n, %) | 79 (10.2) | 3 (6.7) | 0.61 |
| Cyclosporine (n, %) | 58 (7.5) | 2 (4.4) | 0.64 |
| Total dose of immunosuppressive medication until detection of cancer | |||
| Azathioprine (g) | 1.71 ± 15.90 | 3.71 ± 16.09 | 0.41 |
| Cyclophosphamide (g) | 1.49 ± 5.56 | 5.35 ± 14.83 | 0.09 |
| Mycophenolate (g) | 63.65 ± 34.06 | 50.89 ± 27.94 | 0.81 |
| Rituximab (g) | 0.03 ± 0.30 | 0.0 ± 0.0 | 0.01 |
| Prednisolone (g) | 4.86 ± 10.78 | 6.95 ± 11.31 | 0.21 |
| Tacrolimus (g) | 0.20 ± 1.10 | 0.05 ± 0.27 | 0.01 |
| Cyclosporine (g) | 8.36 ± 50.04 | 1.11 ± 6.32 | < 0.001 |
GN Glomerulonephritis; FSGS Focal segmental glomerulonephritis; IgAN IgA nephropathy; MCD Minimal change disease; MN Membranous nephropathy; MPGN Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis; TIN Tubulointerstitial nephropathy; TMA Thrombotic microangiopathy
a Statistically significant when the incidence of cancer was compared between patients with a certain pathologic finding and the others