Table 2.
Treatment of gastric outlet obstruction based upon the underlying cause
| Underlying cause | Treatment | |
| Benign | ||
| Peptic ulcer disease | PPI ± HPE (1st option) | EBD or surgery (2nd option) |
| Crohn disease | Corticosteroid (1st option) | EBD or surgery (2nd option) |
| Caustic ingestion | EBD or surgery | |
| Bouveret syndrome | Surgery or endoscopic removal | |
| Large gastric polyp | Endoscopic resection | |
| Malignant | ||
| Palliative | Endoscopic stent (covered or uncovered) | |
| EUS-guided gastroenterostomy | ||
| Surgical resection, surgical bypass (gastrojejunostomy) | ||
| Radiation therapy | ||
| Curative | Surgery | |
| Chemotherapy (for lymphoma) | ||
PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; HPE: Helicobacter pylori eradication; EBD: Endoscopic balloon dilatation; EUS: Endoscopic ultrasound.