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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: Struct Heart. 2020 Jan 23;4(2):87–98. doi: 10.1080/24748706.2020.1719446

Table 1:

Condensed Criteria for Intervention in Various AI Patient Subgroups8

AI Stage Symptoms Hemodynamic Findings Potential Pathological Markers
At Risk None <Trace AI Markers for ECM disorganization13,15,50:

  • HA

  • TGF-β

  • Matricellular proteins

  • NAR ratio
Progressive None RF <50%
Normal LV systolic function
≤Mild LV dilation
Severe Symptomatic:
Heart failure symptoms
Asymptomatic: None
 Symptomatic:
LV Dilation
RF ≥ 50%
Asymptomatic:
LV Dilation
RF ≥ 50%
LV systolic disfunction
-LVEF <50%
Severe LV dilation present under normal LV systolic function
-LVEF ≥ 50%, LVESD >50mm, LVEDD >65mm

AI-Aortic Insufficiency

ECM-Extracellular Matrix

HA-Hyaluronic Acid

LV-Left Ventricle

LVEF-Left Ventricle Ejection Fraction

LVEDD-Left Ventricle End Diastolic Diameter

LVESD-Left Ventricle End Systolic Diameter

NAR-Nuclear Aspect Ratio

RF-Regurgitant Fraction

TGF-β-Transforming Growth Factor Beta