Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of survivors and non-survivors with COVID-19.
| Total n = 1449 |
Alive n = 1327 |
Died n = 122 |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age, median (IQR), years | 57 (42, 66) | 55 (41, 65) | 69 (63, 78) | <0.001 |
| Age distribution | ||||
| <40 years | 306 (21) | 305 (23) | 1 (0.8) | |
| 40–59 years | 501 (35) | 481 (36) | 20 (16) | |
| 60–79 years | 576 (40) | 499 (38) | 77 (63) | |
| ≥80 years | 66 (5) | 42 (3) | 24 (20) | |
| Female sex | 716 (49) | 684 (52) | 32 (26) | <0.001 |
| Smoking history | 83 (6) | 66 (5) | 17 (15) | <0.001 |
| Health care provider | 71 (6) | 69 (7) | 2 (2) | 0.038 |
| Exposure history | 0.026 | |||
| Huanan Seafood Market | 4 (0.28) | 2 (0.15) | 2 (2) | |
| Close contact with patients | 94 (6) | 89 (7) | 5 (4) | |
| Signs and symptoms | ||||
| Temperature (°C) | 36.7 (36.4, 37.1) | 36.6 (36.4, 37.0) | 36.8 (36.5, 37.8) | <0.001 |
| Shortness of breath | 520 (37) | 456 (35) | 64 (66) | <0.001 |
| Dry cough | 485 (43) | 437 (43) | 48 (44) | 0.824 |
| Wet cough | 551 (38) | 491 (37) | 60 (50) | 0.006 |
| Fatigue | 531 (37) | 466 (35) | 65 (54) | <0.001 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 88 (6) | 83 (6) | 5 (4) | 0.43 |
| Diarrhea | 186 (13) | 170 (13) | 16 (13) | 0.897 |
| Chill | 226 (16) | 194 (15) | 32 (26) | <0.001 |
| Runny nose | 30 (2) | 28 (2) | 2 (1.6) | 0.999 |
| Myalgia | 255 (18) | 231 (17) | 24 (20) | 0.502 |
| Headache | 89 (6) | 84 (6) | 5 (4) | 0.43 |
| Staging | <0.001 | |||
| Mild | 29 (2) | 29 (2) | 0 (0) | |
| Moderate | 956 (66) | 951 (72) | 5 (4) | |
| Severe | 347 (24) | 332 (25) | 15 (12) | |
| Critical | 117 (8) | 15 (1) | 102 (84) | |
| Imaging features | ||||
| Bilateral pneumonia | 1215 (87) | 1117 (86) | 98 (95) | 0.01 |
| Consolidation | 242 (18) | 207 (16) | 35 (35) | <0.001 |
| Ground-glass opacity | 1041 (75) | 974 (76) | 67 (67) | 0.059 |
| Patchy shadows | 579 (42) | 532 (41) | 47 (47) | 0.218 |
| Complications | ||||
| ARDS | 144 (10) | 37 (3) | 107 (88) | <0.001 |
| Bacterial infections | 392 (27) | 288 (22) | 104 (85) | <0.001 |
| Septic shock | 45 (4) | 1 (0.1) | 44 (40) | <0.001 |
| Acute kidney injury | 49 (3) | 7 (0.5) | 42 (34) | <0.001 |
| Cardiac injury | 125 (9) | 58 (4) | 67 (55) | <0.001 |
| Liver damage | 826 (57) | 721 (54) | 105 (86) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 20 (1) | 4 (0.3) | 16 (13) | <0.001 |
| Coagulopathy | 28 (2) | 0 (0) | 28 (23) | <0.001 |
| Multiple organ failure | 72 (5) | 3 (0.2) | 69 (57) | <0.001 |
| Treatments | ||||
| Antibiotics | 1203 (85) | 1084 (83) | 119 (98) | <0.001 |
| Antimycotics | 44 (3) | 17 (1) | 27 (22) | <0.001 |
| Oseltamivir | 604 (42) | 564 (43) | 40 (33) | 0.037 |
| Umifenovir | 1099 (76) | 1004 (76) | 95 (78) | 0.688 |
| Lopinavir and Ritonavir | 276 (24) | 232 (23) | 44 (40) | <0.001 |
| Interferon | 297 (21) | 269 (20) | 28 (23) | 0.483 |
| Corticosteroids | 576 (40) | 471 (35) | 105 (86) | <0.001 |
| Intravenous immunoglobin | 381 (28) | 314 (25) | 67 (55) | <0.001 |
| High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy | 156 (14) | 59 (6) | 97 (88) | <0.001 |
| Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 98 (7) | 21 (2) | 77 (63) | <0.001 |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 54 (4) | 7 (0.5) | 47 (39) | <0.001 |
| ECMO | 4 (0.4) | 1 (0.1) | 3 (3) | 0.003 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| ICU admission | 63 (4) | 23 (2) | 40 (33) | <0.001 |
| Time from illness onset to ICU admission, median (IQR), days | 14 (10, 19) | 10 (8, 18) | 15 (12, 20) | 0.141 |
| ICU length of stay, median (IQR), days | 12 (5, 21) | 11 (8, 21) | 12 (4, 21) | 0.619 |
| Time from illness onset to repeated negatively tests of SARS-CoV-2, median (IQR), days | 22 (17, 28) | 22 (17, 28) | 19 (12, 26) | 0.066 |
| Time from illness onset to admission, median (IQR), days | 10 (7, 15) | 10 (7, 16) | 10 (7, 12) | 0.017 |
| Time from illness onset to progression, median (IQR), days | 10 (7, 14) | 10 (6, 14) | 12 (9, 19) | 0.001 |
| Time from illness onset to outcome, median (IQR), days | 30 (23, 37) | 30 (24, 38) | 21 (15, 29) | <0.001 |
| Time from diagnosis to outcome, median (IQR), days | 19 (13, 27) | 20 (13, 27) | 11 (5, 17) | <0.001 |
| Time from admission to outcome, median (IQR), days | 18 (13, 23) | 18 (13, 23) | 11 (6, 20) | <0.001 |
IQR interquartile ranges, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, ICU intensive care unit, SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.