Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of children whose stunting was not improved by nutritional intervention.
| Failed nutritional intervention (n=110) | Biopsy-confirmed EED with available plasma and duodenal biospecimens (n=80) | n=110 vs n=80 comparison p-value§ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Features | |||
| Age (months) | 18.4 ± 2.1 | 18.3 ± 2.1 | 0.82 |
| Female - no. (%) | 64 (58%) | 48 (60%) | 0.92† |
| WAMI index | 0.58 ± 0.14 | 0.57 ± 0.13 | 0.64 |
| Improved sanitation | 79 (71.8%) | 58 (72.5%) | 0.92† |
| Improved source of drinking water | 110 (100%) | 80 (100%) | NA |
| Maternal education (years) | 5 [1, 8] | 5 [0, 7] | 0.50‡ |
| Income (USD/month) | 153.1 [124.1, 212.0] | 151.6 [124.1, 201.4] | 0.90‡ |
| Maternal height (cm) | 149.0 ± 5.1 | 148.8 ± 5.5 | 0.81 |
| Breastfeeding prior to intervention - no. (%) | 100 (91%) | 74 (93%) | 0.90† |
| Breastfeeding after intervention - no. (%) | 92 (84%) | 70 (88%) | 0.59† |
| Response to Nutritional Intervention | |||
| ∆LAZ | 0.03 (-0.03, 0.08) | 0.04 (-0.03, 0.11) | 0.76 |
| ∆WAZ | 0.15 (0.08, 0.22)* | 0.13 (0.04, 0.23)* | 0.76 |
| ∆WLZ | 0.17 (0.07, 0.26)* | 0.12 (0.00, 0.25) | 0.57 |
| Anthropometry at Endoscopy | |||
| LAZ at endoscopy | -2.19 ± 0.82 | -2.29 ± 0.86 | 0.49 |
| WAZ at endoscopy | -1.76 ± 0.87 | -1.85 ± 0.91 | 0.49 |
| WLZ at endoscopy | -0.96 ± 0.91 | -1.02 ± 0.93 | 0.64 |
| Duodenal Biopsy Histopathologic Score | |||
| No evidence of EED | 6 (5.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | NA |
| Mild | 41 (37.3%) | 34 (42.5%) | 0.42 |
| Moderate | 13 (11.8%) | 10 (12.5%) | 0.53 |
| Severe | 50 (45.4%) | 36 (45.0%) | 0.13 |
| Fecal Biomarkers | |||
| 𝛂1-antitrypsin (AAT, mg/g) | 0.33 [0.17, 0.50] | 0.33 [0.17, 0.50] | 0.57 |
| Myeloperoxidase (MPO, ng/mL) | 2325.5 [799.6, 4569.1] | 2006.0 [809.9, 4315.0] | 0.75 |
| Neopterin (NEO, nmol/L) | 1116.5 [495.5, 2552.5] | 1146 [506.3, 2575.3] | 0.93 |
| EE biomarker score | 2.60 [1.52, 4.25] | 2.77 [1.52, 4.24] | 0.92 |
Values represent: mean ± standard deviation; number (percentage); mean difference (95% CI); median [interquartile range]. WAMI index = Water-sanitation-hygiene, Asset status, Maternal education status, and monthly Income (17). Statistically significant differences in characteristics between all children who did not improve with nutritional intervention (n=110) and those who had histologic evidence of EED as well as matched plasma and duodenal biospecimens available (n=80) were performed using an unpaired t-test unless otherwise noted.
Statistically significant improvement in anthropometric measure as determined by paired t-test (p<0.05).
Statistical significance determined using a Chi-squared test.
Statistical significance determined using a Mann-Whitney U test.
See Supplementary Table S2 for additional comparisons between sub-cohorts.