Table 1.

A comparison of the intrinsic tolerogenicity of liver grafts with other transplanted organs in animals and humans.

Species	Donor/recipient	Graft survival time						References
		Liver	Kidney	Heart	Skin	Co-D-Skin	Co-T-Skin
Mouse	C57BL/6 → BALB/c	70% > 100 d	39.3 ± 3.1 d	8.3 ± 1.6	<10 d	80% > 100 d	18 ± 5 d	(42, 44–48)
	BALB/c → CBA	57% > 100 d	7.5 ± 1.5 d	8.6 ± 0.9	8.5 ± 1.5 d	/	/
	C57BL/6 → C3H/HeN	73% > 100 d	7.5 ± 1.5 d	8.1 ± 0.8	10.6 ± 0.9	/	/
Rat	DA → PVG	80% > 100 d	12 d	8 d	6 ± 2 d	75% > 100 d	8 ± 1	(38, 49–52)
Pig	Landrace → Landrace	>18 month	7 d	6.5 ± 1.5d	9 ± 3 d	>24d	11 ± 4 d	(37, 53, 54)
NHPs	Cynomolgus monkeys → cynomolgus monkeys	<7 months	<2 wks	<2 wks	6 ± 1 d	/	/	(55–58)
Human		Liver allograft achieved “operational tolerance”						(59–63)
		Advantage of liver co-transplant: protection to kidney and heart grafts						(64–67)

Co-D-Skin, Co-transplant donor derived skin with liver; Co-T-Skin, Co-transplant third-party skin with liver; d, days; NHPs, non-human primates; wks, weeks.