Figure 6. Changes in the hippocampal levels of inflammatory cytokines among groups. Formaldehyde treatment significantly increased the hippocampal levels of IL-1β (A), IL-6 (B), and TNF-α (C) compared to control. Administration of CE at the dose of 200 mg/kg significantly eliminated the hippocampal levels of IL-6 and TNF-α. Slight and insignificant decreases in the levels of IL-1β were also seen.

^*p<0.05, ^**p<0.01, and ^***p<0.001 when compared to control, ^#p<0.05 and ^####p<0.0001 when compared to FA

sham: no treatment, FA: formaldehyde 60 mg/kg, Co: FA 60 mg/kg + solvent, CE_100,200,400: FA 60 mg/kg + methanolic cinnamon extract 100, 200, 400 mg/kg.