Table 1.
Current information on insect pests and ochratoxin A (OTA) contamination in grape.
| Pest | Geographical Area | Cultivar | Field/Lab Study | OTA Level | Berry Damaging Instar | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lobesia botrana | Apulia (Italy) | Bombino NeroUva di Troia | Field | 108 ng/g (2001) 5 ng/g (2002) | Larvae | [19] |
| Lobesia botrana | Sicily (Italy) | Malvasia di Candia | Field | 20 µg/kg | Larvae | [107] |
| Lobesia botrana | Apulia (Italy) | PrimitivoNegramaro | Field | 1.13––2.89 ng/mL (2005/untreated plots) 0.47–0.98 (2005/insecticide treated plots) | Larvae | [125] |
| Anastrepha fraterculus | Brazil | Italia | Lab study | (*) | Adults (oviposition) and larvae | [109] |
| Polistes dominulus | USA | Thompson Seedless | Lab study | (*) | Adults | [110] |
| Planococcus ficus | Argentina | Red wine cultivars | Field study | 51 µg/kg (2007) 9 µg/kg (2009) | Adults and nymphs | [20] |
(*) These insects pests are mentioned to be involved in favouring fungi dispersal but no OTA measurement has been reported.