Table 1.

Promising plant origin natural products for bladder cancer therapy.

Plant Origin Compounds	Source	Structure	Mechanisms	Related Factors	Ref.
(−)-Gossypol	Cotton plants		Inducing apoptosis through caspase-mediated signaling pathways	caspase-3, caspase-9, Bcl-xl, Mcl-1, Bim, and Puma	[33,34,35]
(−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG)	Green tea		Inducing apoptosis associated with the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, caspase-3, and PARP	[36,37,38]
Ellagic acid	Fruits and some mushrooms		Inducing apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway	caspase-3, caspase-9, Bax, and cytochrome c	[39,40,41]
Thymol	Thymus serpyllum L.		Triggering apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway	Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Mcl-1, cytochrome c, and Smac/DIABLO	[42,43]
Apigenin	Fruits and vegetables, like parsley, celery, celeriac, and chamomile tea		Inducing apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	Bax, Bad, Bak, Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1, caspase-3, 7, 9, and PARP	[45,46,47]
Kaempferol	Hamamelis mollis		Inducing apoptosis associated with the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway	AKT, Bid, Mcl-1, Bcl-xL, p53, p21, p38, Bax, and Bid	[48,49,50,51]
Baicalein	Scutellaria baicalensis		Inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest; inhibiting cell migration	p16, p21, p38, CDC2 Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, and caspase-9	[52,84]
Curcumin	Curcuma spp. plants		Inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest	caspase-3, caspase-7, PARP, Bcl-2, p21, p27, cyclin D1 and cyclin E1	[53,54,55,56]
Kazinol A	Broussonetia papyrifera		Inducing apoptosis associated with the AKT signaling pathway	p-AKT, p-Bid, Mcl-1, and Bcl-xL	[59]
Boldine	Peumus boldus		Inducing apoptosis mechanism associated with the ERK and AKT signaling pathway	p-AKT, p-ERK, and p-GSK-3β	[61,62]
Lycorine	Amaryllidaceae genera		Inducing apoptosis	p-ATK, caspase-3, and Bax	[63]
Tetrandrine	Stephania tetrandra		Inducing apoptosis associated with the mitochondrial pathway	caspase-3, caspase-9, and cytochrome c	[64]
6’-hydroxy justicidin A	Justicia procumbens		Inducing apoptosis associated with the mitochondrial pathways	caspase-3 and caspase-9	[65]
Fucoidan	Algae and seaweeds		Inducing apoptosis through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; inducing cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase; antiangiogenic and inhibiting cell migration and invasion	Fas, MMP, Bax, Bcl-2, cytochrome c, p21, CDK4, CDK6, p-RB, HIF-1α, and VEGF	[66,67,68,73,83]
Berberine	Berberis		G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and inducing apoptosis	caspase-3 and caspase-9	[74]
Silibinin	Thistle		Inhibiting cell migration and invasion	mesenchymal markers, N-cadherin, vimentin, β-catenin, ZEB1, E-cadherin, COX-2, and MMP-2	[80,81]
Magnolol	Magnolia officinalis		Inhibiting tumor angiogenesis	HIF-1a and VEGF	[82]