Acrylamide 79-06-1 |
-
-
Water-soluble crystalline amide that polymerizes rapidly;
-
-
widely used in chemical industry (e.g., water treatment industry, paper industry, textile treatment industry) and cosmetics;
-
-
occurs in food upon heat treatment—both during home cooking or industrial processing of food— [68];
-
-
neurotoxic: occupational exposures [69,70];
-
-
could cross the placental barrier and appears in breast milk [71]; and
-
-
probable oral lethal human dose is between 50–500 mg/kg.
|
Colchicine 64-86-8 |
-
-
Can bind to tubulin and inhibit tubulin polymerization leading to inhibition in mitosis;
-
-
interacts with the P-glycoprotein transporter (MDR1/ABCB1) and the CYP3A4 enzyme (both involved in toxin metabolism) [72,73];
-
-
medication used to treat gout and Behçet’s disease;
-
-
probable oral lethal dose in humans is less than 5 mg/kg; and
-
-
in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 0.02 µM.
|
Doxorubicin 25316-40-9 |
-
-
Intercalating chemotherapy drug;
-
-
inhibiting the movement of topoisomerase II, which leads to the blocking of both replication and transcription; and
-
-
LD50: 21.8 mg/kg (rat, subcutaneous).
|
Hexachlorophene 70-30-4 |
-
-
Disinfectant;
-
-
blocks the electron transport chain through acting on membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHD) and Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (GLUD1);
-
-
probable oral lethal dose in humans is not determined; LD50: 66 mg/kg (rat, oral); and
-
-
in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 1.86 µM.
|
Ibuprofen 15687-27-1 |
-
-
Drug (pain killer);
-
-
effectively reduces fever, as a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acts on inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and 2); and
-
-
overdose symptoms appear in individuals consumed more than 99 mg/kg; LD50: 636 mg/kg (rat, oral).
|
Mercury(II) chloride 7487-94-7 |
-
-
Component of pesticides;
-
-
corrosive, toxic;
-
-
could accumulate in the kidney;
-
-
probable oral lethal dose is 5–50 mg/kg; and
-
-
in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 1.37 µM.
|
Paracetamol 103-90-2 |
-
-
Drug (pain killer);
-
-
ioverdosing could cause liver toxicity; and
-
-
hepatic toxicity in humans occurred with acute overdoses more than 10 g; LD50: 2400 mg/kg (rat, oral).
|
Paraquat 7 5365-73-0 |
-
-
Herbicide;
-
-
neurotoxic: occupational exposures leading to Parkinson’s disease [74];
-
-
widely investigated neurotoxic mechanism [75,76]; and
-
-
probable oral lethal dose in humans is 35 mg/kg.
|
Rifampicin 13292-46-1 |
-
-
Antibiotic;
-
-
stops RNA synthesis in bacteria;
-
-
could cause liver toxicity;
-
-
robable lethal oral dose in humans is 14–60 gLD50: 1570 mg/kg (rat); and
-
-
in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 4.37 µM.
|
Rotenone 83-79-4 |
-
-
Pesticide;
-
-
inhibits mitochondrial Complex I of the electron transport chain;
-
-
in rats Parkinson’s disease- like symptoms were developed, →considered as an environmental risk factor for PD [77];
-
-
probable lethal dose in human 0.3–0.5 g/kg; and
-
-
in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 0.22 µM.
|
Valproic acid 1069-66-5 |
-
-
Drug used in epilepsy, bipolar disorders, and for the prevention of seizures;
-
-
known to block voltage-gated sodium channels and increase brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA);
-
-
well-known teratogen induces different congenital malformations and neural tube defects (NTDs); and
-
-
LD50: 670 mg/kg (rat, oral).
|