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. 2020 May 1;9(5):1122. doi: 10.3390/cells9051122

Table 1.

Known effects of the used compounds.

Compound Name
(CAS Number)
Known Effects of the Compound
Acrylamide
79-06-1
  • -

    Water-soluble crystalline amide that polymerizes rapidly;

  • -

    widely used in chemical industry (e.g., water treatment industry, paper industry, textile treatment industry) and cosmetics;

  • -

    occurs in food upon heat treatment—both during home cooking or industrial processing of food— [68];

  • -

    neurotoxic: occupational exposures [69,70];

  • -

    could cross the placental barrier and appears in breast milk [71]; and

  • -

    probable oral lethal human dose is between 50–500 mg/kg.

Colchicine
64-86-8
  • -

    Can bind to tubulin and inhibit tubulin polymerization leading to inhibition in mitosis;

  • -

    interacts with the P-glycoprotein transporter (MDR1/ABCB1) and the CYP3A4 enzyme (both involved in toxin metabolism) [72,73];

  • -

    medication used to treat gout and Behçet’s disease;

  • -

    probable oral lethal dose in humans is less than 5 mg/kg; and

  • -

    in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 0.02 µM.

Doxorubicin
25316-40-9
  • -

    Intercalating chemotherapy drug;

  • -

    inhibiting the movement of topoisomerase II, which leads to the blocking of both replication and transcription; and

  • -

    LD50: 21.8 mg/kg (rat, subcutaneous).

Hexachlorophene
70-30-4
  • -

    Disinfectant;

  • -

    blocks the electron transport chain through acting on membrane-anchoring subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDHD) and Glutamate dehydrogenase 1, mitochondrial (GLUD1);

  • -

    probable oral lethal dose in humans is not determined; LD50: 66 mg/kg (rat, oral); and

  • -

    in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 1.86 µM.

Ibuprofen
15687-27-1
  • -

    Drug (pain killer);

  • -

    effectively reduces fever, as a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acts on inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes (COX-1 and 2); and

  • -

    overdose symptoms appear in individuals consumed more than 99 mg/kg; LD50: 636 mg/kg (rat, oral).

Mercury(II) chloride
7487-94-7
  • -

    Component of pesticides;

  • -

    corrosive, toxic;

  • -

    could accumulate in the kidney;

  • -

    probable oral lethal dose is 5–50 mg/kg; and

  • -

    in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 1.37 µM.

Paracetamol
103-90-2
  • -

    Drug (pain killer);

  • -

    ioverdosing could cause liver toxicity; and

  • -

    hepatic toxicity in humans occurred with acute overdoses more than 10 g; LD50: 2400 mg/kg (rat, oral).

Paraquat 7
5365-73-0
  • -

    Herbicide;

  • -

    neurotoxic: occupational exposures leading to Parkinson’s disease [74];

  • -

    widely investigated neurotoxic mechanism [75,76]; and

  • -

    probable oral lethal dose in humans is 35 mg/kg.

Rifampicin
13292-46-1
  • -

    Antibiotic;

  • -

    stops RNA synthesis in bacteria;

  • -

    could cause liver toxicity;

  • -

    robable lethal oral dose in humans is 14–60 gLD50: 1570 mg/kg (rat); and

  • -

    in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 4.37 µM.

Rotenone
83-79-4
  • -

    Pesticide;

  • -

    inhibits mitochondrial Complex I of the electron transport chain;

  • -

    in rats Parkinson’s disease- like symptoms were developed, →considered as an environmental risk factor for PD [77];

  • -

    probable lethal dose in human 0.3–0.5 g/kg; and

  • -

    in vitro cytotoxicity limit: 0.22 µM.

Valproic acid
1069-66-5
  • -

    Drug used in epilepsy, bipolar disorders, and for the prevention of seizures;

  • -

    known to block voltage-gated sodium channels and increase brain levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA);

  • -

    well-known teratogen induces different congenital malformations and neural tube defects (NTDs); and

  • -

    LD50: 670 mg/kg (rat, oral).

Note: probable lethal dose data is provided upon PubChem database (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/), in vitro multicellular cytotoxicity “comptox” data were collected from EPA’s Chemical dashboard (https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard).