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. 2020 May 13;12(5):320. doi: 10.3390/toxins12050320

Table 2.

Overview of PAs detected and identified in different genera. No distinction between N-oxides and free bases is made, as this was not differentiated by all research groups. The main name describes the PA and its derivatives.

Genus Identified PAs
Alkanna
(Boraginaceae)
7-Angeloylretronecine [14,15], 9-Angeloylretronecine [14], 7-Tigloylretronecine [14], 7-Senecioylretronecine [14], 9-Tigloylretronecine [14], 9-Senecioylretronecine [14], 7-Angeloyol-9-(hydroxypropenoyl) retronecine [14], 7-Tigloyl-9-(hydroxy propenoyl) retronecine [14], 7-Angeloyol-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropanoyl) retronecine [14], 7-Tigloyl-9-(2,3-dihydroxypropanoyl) retronecine [14], Triangularine [14,15], Triangularicine [14], Dihydroxytriangularicine [14,15]
Anchusa
(Boraginaceae)
Anthamidin [14], Supinine [14,16], Intermedin [14,16], Lycopsamine [14,16], Currassavine [16]
Borago
(Boraginaceae)
Lycopsamine [17], Supinidine [17],Viridiflorate [17], Cynaustine [17], Amabaline [17,18], Thesinine [18,19]
Brachyglottis
(Asteraceae)
Senecionine [20,21], Retrorsine [20,21], Integerrimine [20], Senkirkine [20], Hectorine [20,21], Petasin [20,21], Angeloylheliotridine [20], Clivorine [20]
Cineraria
(Asteraceae)
Otosenine [22,23], Florosenine [22,23], Floridanine [22,23], Doronine [22], Senecionine [23,24], Integerrimine [23,24], Seneciphylline [23,24], Jacobine [23,24], Usaramine [23]
Cynoglossum
(Boraginaceae)
Heliosupine [25,26], Rinderine [25,26] Echinatine [25,26], Viridiflorine [26]
Eupatorium
(Asteraceae)
Lindelofine [27], Supinine [27,28,29,30], Lycopsamine [30,31,32], Intermedin [30,31,32], Amabaline [28,33], Echinatine [28,29,30,32,33], Rinderine [28], Viridiflorine [28], Cynaustraline [28], Tussilagine [34]
Heliotropium
(Boraginaceae)
Trachelanthamine [35,36], Floridine [35], Heliovicine [35], Lycopsamine [37,38], Intermedin [38], Amabiline [37], Curassavine [37,39], Heliospathine [37], Europine [40,41,42,43], Liamin [40], Heliotrine [42,43,44,45], Lasiocarpine [42,45,46], Retronecine [38,47,48,49], Helibracteatine [47], Helifoline [48], Heliscabine [49], Heliosupine [44,46], Echinatine [44], Supinine [43], Heleurine [43], Coromandaline [39]
Lithospermum
(Boraginaceae)
Lithosenine [50], Lycopsamine [51], Canescine [51,52] derivatives, Canescinine [51], Intermedine [51,53], Mysocorpine [53]
Petasites
(Asteraceae)
Senkirkine [54,55,56], Senecionine [54,56,57,58,59], Intergerrimine [58,59], Petasitenine [55], Neopetasitenine [55]
Senecio
(Asteraceae)
Ridelline [60,61,62,63,64,65,66], Retrorsine [60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85], Seneciphylline [60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,70,71,72,75,77,78,80,81,82,83,84,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99], Senecionine [60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,69,70,71,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,86,87,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97,98,99,100,101],Senkirkine [60,61,62,65,68,73,74,77,79,80,83,89,97,98,101], Jacobine [68,78,82,87,91,94,95,96,99], Integerrimine [61,62,63,64,66,68,69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,82,83,84,87,89,92,93,94,95,97,99,100,101], Spartiodine [61,62,63,66,68,70,77,78,82,90,92], Senecivernine [62,63,66,68,69,71,73,74,75,76,77,78,80,82,87,94,97], Platyphylline [61,62,100,102,103], Usaramine [61,63,66,68,69,70,71,73,74,77,78,79], Adinofoline [61,68,104], Florosenine [68,71,73,74,77,94,98,101], Erucifoline [68,83,87,94,95], Otosenine [68,71,73,74,77,88,94,97,101], Triangularine [75,100,105], Sarracine [75,100,105], Sarracinine [100], Eruciflorine [68,87], Onetine [68], Floridanine [68], Senecicannabine [68,106], 7-Angeloylheliotridine [97,103], 9-Tiglylplatynecine [75,100], 7-Angeloylretronecine [75,97], Petasin [97], 9-Angeloylplatynecine [75], Monocrotaline [65], Uspallatine [69,85], Rosmarinine [90,107,108], Angularine [107,108], Hadiensiene [107], Ruwenine [109], Ruzorine [109], Doriasenine [110], Sceleratine [111]
Symphytum
(Boraginaceae)
Echimidine [112,113,114], Symphytine [112,113], Lasiocarpine [64], Intermedin [115], Lycopsamine [114,115,116]
Tussilago
(Asteraceae)
Senkirkine [117,118,119,120], Senecionine [116,118,119,120,121], Intergerrimine [120], Seneciphylline [120], Senecivernine [122]