Table 3.
Overview of the extraction techniques and solvents used to process plant extracts.
| Genus | Technique | Solvent |
|---|---|---|
|
Alkanna (Boraginaceae) |
Maceration | 0.5 N HCl [14], Methanol [15] |
|
Anchusa (Boraginaceae) |
Maceration | 0.5 N HCl [14], Chloroform [123,124], Methanol [123,124], Methanol/Water/Formic Acid (25/2/73) [125] |
|
Borago (Boraginaceae) |
Maceration | Methanol/Water/Formic Acid (25/2/73) [125], Methanol/Water [126], Hexane [18] |
| Refluxing | Methanol/Water (4:1) [19] | |
|
Brachyglottis (Asteraceae) |
Maceration | Methanol [21], Ethanol [20] |
|
Cineraria (Asteraceae) |
Maceration | Methanol [22,24], 0.5 N HCl [23] |
|
Cynoglossum (Boraginaceae) |
Maceration | 0.5 M Sulfuric Acid [127,128], Methanol [129], 0.5M HCl [26] |
| Soxhlet | Methanol [25,130] | |
| Refluxing | Tartaric Acid in Methanol [131] | |
|
Eupatorium (Asteraceae) |
Maceration | Methanol [27,29,30,31], Water [31], 0.05 M Sulfuric Acid [32] |
| Soxhlet | Methanol/Dichlormethane [34] | |
| Percolation | Ethanol [33] | |
|
Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) |
Maceration | Methanol [36,37,39,45,46,132], Ethanol [35,38,43,133,134,135], Methanol/Water/Formic Acid (25/23/2) [125] |
| Percolation | Methanol [40,41,42], Ethanol [39,47,49,136] | |
| Refluxing | Methanol [137] | |
|
Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) |
Soxhlet | Methanol [50,51,53] |
| Refluxing | Tartaric Acid in Methanol [131] | |
| Sonication | Methanol [52] | |
|
Petasites (Asteraceae) |
Maceration | Methanol [57,59,93], Water [55] |
| Refluxing | Methanol/Tartaric Acid [54] | |
| Soxhlet | Ethanol [55] | |
| SFE | CO2 [138] | |
| HP-Propan | Propane [139] | |
|
Senecio (Asteraceae) |
Maceration | 0.05 M Sulfuric Acid [72], 1 M Sulfuric Acid [63], 0.05 M Hydrochloric Acid [140], 0.1 M Hydrochloric Acid [92], 1 M Hydrochloric Acid [68], Chloroform 0.1 M Hydrochloric Acid (1:1) [73], Methanol [64,69,75,85,90,97,106,140,141,142,143], Ethanol [79,84,107,144,145,146], 0.4 M Formic Acid [66], Et2O/Pertolum Ether/Methanol (1:1:1) [98], 0.05 M Sulfuric Acid [72] |
| Refluxing | Methanol [86,91,93], Ethanol [61] | |
| Soxhlet | Methanol [71,74,76,82,83,86,91,96,99,100,103,107,108,147,148,149,150,151] | |
| Sonication | 0.05 M Hydrochloric Acid | |
| SFE | CO2 [78] | |
| PLE | Sulfuric Acid [122], Phosphoric Acid [122], Ammonia [122], Acetic Acid [122], Formic Acid [122] | |
| Cold Ion Exchange/ Continuous Extractor |
Methanol [81], Petroleum Ether [101] | |
|
Symphytum (Boraginaceae) |
Maceration | Methanol (hot) [93], Methanol [64,152], 0.025 M Sulfuric Acid [153], Water (hot) [154], Tartaric acid in Methanol [152]; Ethanol [152] 0.7 M HCl [152], Chloroform/Methanol [152] |
| Refluxing | Tartaric Acid in Methanol [54,152], Methanol/Water (50/50) [116], Ethanol [152], 0.7 M HCl [152], Ascorbic Acid in Methanol [152] | |
| Sonication | Chloroform (basic) [155], Methanol/Water (50/50) [116], Methanol/Chloroform (15/85) [116], Methanol [116], Ethanol [116], Tartaric Acid in Methanol [152], Acetic Acid [152] | |
| Percolation | Methanol [152] | |
| HWPE | Water [116] | |
| PLE | Acetic Acid [122], Phosphoric Acid [122], Formic Acid [122], Sulfuric Acid [122], Ammonia [122] | |
|
Tussilago (Asteraceae) |
Maceration | Methanol/Citric Acid [118,119,121], Methanol/Ammonia [118], 0.25 M Sulfuric Acid [156], Water [118], Acidified Water [118] |
| Microwave | Methanol/Water acidified with hydrochloric acid or acetic acid [157] | |
| Refluxing | Methanol/Tartaric acid [117], Water [54,118], Methanol alkaline [118], 1 M HCl [157] | |
| Soxhlet | Methanol [118] | |
| PHWE | Hot water [157] | |
| PLE | Acetic acid [122], Phosphoric acid [122], Formic acid [122], Sulfuric acid [122], Ammonia [122] |