Table 4.
Overview of analytical techniques and detection methods for the determination of PAs in plant extracts. The LoD or LoQ is listed if given in corresponding manuscript, if not it is characterized by “--”.
| Genus | Separation | Detection | LoD (ppm) | LoQ (ppm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Alkanna (Boraginaceae) |
GC | MS [14] | -- | -- |
| DCCC | UV [15] | -- | -- | |
|
Anchusa (Boraginaceae) |
GC | MS [14,16] | -- | -- |
| HPLC | MS [124,125] | -- | -- | |
|
Borago (Boraginaceae) |
GC | MS [18,19] | -- | -- |
| HPLC | MS [126] | -- | -- | |
| HPLC | MS/MS [125] | -- | -- | |
| HPLC | Orbitrap [125,126] | -- | 0.325 | |
| TLC | Ehrlichs Reagent [17] | |||
|
Brachyglottis (Asteraceae) |
GC | MS [20,21] | -- | -- |
| TLC | Visual [20,21] | -- | -- | |
|
Cineraria (Asteraceae) |
GC | MS [14,22] | -- | -- |
|
Cynoglossum (Boraginaceae) |
HPLC | MS [25,131] | -- | -- |
| GC | MS [26,129,158] | -- | -- | |
| TLC | Visual [25,158] | -- | -- | |
| none | Photometric [127,128,129] | -- | -- | |
| none | q-NMR [130] | -- | -- | |
|
Eupatorium (Asteraceae) |
HPLC | MS/MS [31,32] | -- | -- |
| GC | MS [28,30,34,159] | -- | -- | |
| TLC | Visual [27,29,33], Chloranillin [30], Mattocks Reagent [34] | -- | -- | |
|
Heliotropium (Boraginaceae) |
HPLC | MS/MS [125] | -- | -- |
| GC | MS [45,135,137,160] | -- | -- | |
| None | p-Toluene Sulfonic Acid [137] | -- | -- | |
| TLC | Dragendorffs [137] | -- | -- | |
| None | Photometric [137] | -- | -- | |
| Lithospermum (Boraginaceae) | GC | MS [50,51,52,131] | -- | -- |
| HPLC | DAD [131] | -- | -- | |
| HPLC | MS [131] | -- | -- | |
| TLC | Ehrlichs—Reagent [52] | -- | -- | |
| Petasites (Asteraceae) | HPLC | UV [54,55,56,161] | 0.10–5.0 | 0.35–25.0 |
| HPLC | RI [55] | -- | <10 | |
| HPLC | ToF-MS [56,161] | 0.01 | 0.50 | |
| UPLC | ToF-MS [138] | -- | 0.002 | |
| GC | FID [93] | 2 | -- | |
| TLC | Densiometric [54] | 20 | 40 | |
| TLC | UV [57] | 1 | -- | |
| None | Photometric [162] | -- | -- | |
| None | ELISA [57,58,59] | 0.10 | -- | |
| Senecio (Asteraceae) | GC | FID [68,72,77,78,82,84,87,95,99], | -- | -- |
| GC | MS [62,63,67,68,73,74,75,76,77,83,84,87,92,94,99,103,147] | -- | -- | |
| GC | NPD [68,72,87], | -- | -- | |
| GC | FTIR [71], | -- | -- | |
| HPLC | UV [140,151] | 0.13 × 10−3– 0.31 × 10−3 |
-- | |
| HPLC | ELSD [64] | 40 | -- | |
| HPLC | MS [86,150] | -- | -- | |
| HPLC | MS/MS [66,96,104] | 0.5 × 10−3 | 1.0 × 10−3 | |
| UHPLC | DAD-MS [61] | -- | -- | |
| UHPLC | MS/MS [65] | 0.3 × 10−6– 11 × 10−6 |
0.8 × 10−3–36 × 10−3 | |
| None | ELISA [141,163,164,165] | 0.02 × 10−3– 10,000 × 10−3 |
-- | |
| None | q-NMR (1H/13C) [80,149,166,167] | -- | -- | |
|
Symphytum (Boraginaceae) |
HPLC | DAD [54] | 0.06–0.2 | 0.10–0.35 |
| HPLC | ELSD [64] | 40 | -- | |
| HPLC | MS [116] | -- | -- | |
| HPLC | MS/MS [122] | 1 × 10–3 | 5 × 10−3 | |
| GC | FID [93,114] | -- | -- | |
| GC | MS [114,153] | -- | -- | |
| GC | NPD [154] | 0.4 × 10–3– 1.0 × 10–3 |
-- | |
| GC | FTIR [115] | -- | -- | |
| TLC | Densiometric [54,168] | 22 | 73 | |
| TLC | Visual [154] | -- | -- | |
| None | Photometric [152,169] | 1 | -- | |
|
Tussilago (Asteraceae) |
HPLC | UV [170] | -- | -- |
| HPLC | Q-ToF [117] | 0.275 × 10–3 | 0.916 × 10−3 | |
| HPLC | MS/MS [122,171] | <1.0 × 10–3 | <5.0 × 10−3 | |
| HPLC | MS/MS [157] | 0.26–1.32 | 1.04–5.29 | |
| CE | UV [118] | <0.1 × 10–3 | -- | |
| MEKC | UV [121] | 2.0 × 10–3– 5.0 × 10–3 |
-- | |
| GC | MS [120] | -- | -- | |
| TLC | VIS [117] | -- | -- | |
| Titration | Visually [156] | -- | -- |