Table 9.
Overview on the extraction experiments by Kopp et al. using PLE to investigate the influence of different solvents at different temperatures on the extraction yield of PAs for the example of Senecio with reference to the BfR-based extraction method. The results correspond to the sum of erucifoline, senecionionine, senecivernine, seneciphylline, retrorsine, and their N-oxides [122].
| Technique | Sample (g) | Volume (mL) | Time (min) | Temperature (°C) | Solvent | Result (ppm) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Phosphoric acid 1% | 360.6/314.5/331.4/191.2 |
| 2 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Phosphoric acid 5% | 409.7/393.6/396.7/197.6 |
| 3 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Ammonia 1% | 177.9/185.2/218.4/106.6 |
| 4 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Ammonia 5% | 168.9/291.6/212.8/146.3 |
| 5 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Sulfuric acid 1% | 168.4/251.1/119.5/146.5 |
| 6 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Sulfuric acid 5% | 250.7/253.8/85.1/153.8 |
| 7 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Acetic acid 1% | 787.5/863.0/558.2/234.6 |
| 8 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Acetic acid 5% | 831.1/838.0/603.0/195.9 |
| 9 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Formic acid 1% | 798.9/776.9/574.9/255.5 |
| 10 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Formic acid 5% | 880.2/774.4/729.2/208.9 |
| 11 | BfR based | 2 | 40 | 30 | RT | Formic Acid/Methanol/Water | 504.7 |