Table 16.
Overview on the extraction experiments investigating the influence of different solvents, at different temperatures on the extraction yield of PAs for the example of Tussilago with reference to the BfR-based extraction method. The result corresponds to the sum of senkirkine, senecionine, and senecivernine quantified by LC/MS/MS [122].
| Technique | Sample (g) | Volume (mL) | Time (min) | Temperature (°C) | Solvent | Result (ppm) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Phosphoric acid 1% | 62.3/63.6/62.0/62.8 |
| 2 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/−0/125 | Phosphoric acid 5% | 58.3/64.8/65.0/62.4 |
| 3 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Ammonia 1% | 21.0/21.5/22.2/20.9 |
| 4 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Ammonia 5% | 21.2/20.8/20.2/20.6 |
| 5 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Sulfuric acid 1% | 60.6/62.0/65.6/63.4 |
| 6 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Sulfuric acid 5% | 60.9/61.2/60.0/62.8 |
| 7 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Acetic acid 1% | 59.7/62.4/62.4/62.8 |
| 8 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Acetic acid 5% | 63.7/60.7/62.6/63.7 |
| 9 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Formic acid 1% | 62.8/62.0/63.3/64.3 |
| 10 | PLE | 1 | 30 | 30 | 50/75/100/125 | Formic acid 5% | 59.6/62.6/62.2/63.6 |
| 11 | BfR based | 2 | 40 | 30 | RT | Formic Acid/Methanol/Water | 41.0 |