Table 3.
General characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review.
| Authors, Year | Study Design | Population | Mean Age in Years | Periodontal Status Diagnostic Methods | PCOS Diagnostic Methods | Confounders Variables Assessed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akcali A., 2014 [25] | Case–control | N = 125 PCOS-Healthy = 45 PCOS-Gingivitis = 20 Healthy-Controls = 25 Healthy-Gingivitis = 20 |
25.7 | Oral examination, PD, PI, BOP, Work Shop 1999 criteria, saliva and serum samples | Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound |
BMI > 30 kg/m2, hyperandrogenism, high BP, CVD, DM, hyperprolactinemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid disorder, Cushing’s syndrome, hepatic or renal dysfunction, oral contraceptives, steroid hormones, insulin-sensitizing medications |
| Akcali A., 2015 [26] | Case–control | N = 125 PCOS-Healthy = 45 PCOS-Gingivitis = 20 Healthy-Controls = 25 Healthy-Gingivitis = 20 |
25.7 | Oral examination, PD, PI, BOP, Work Shop 1999 criteria, saliva and serum samples, MMP-8, MMP-I | Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound Serum levels |
BMI > 30 kg/m2, hyperandrogenism, high BP, CVD, DM, hyperprolactinemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid disorder, Cushing´s syndrome, hepatic or renal dysfunction, oral contraceptives, steroid hormones, insulin-sensitizing medications |
| Akcali A., 2017 [28] | Case–control | N = 125 PCOS-Healthy = 45 PCOS-Gingivitis = 20 Healthy-Controls = 25 Healthy-Gingivitis = 20 |
25.7 | Oral examination, PD, PI, BOP, Work Shop 1999 criteria, saliva and serum samples | Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound |
BMI > 30 kg/m2, hyperandrogenism, high BP, CVD, DM, hyperprolactinemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid disorder, Cushing´s syndrome, hepatic or renal dysfunction, oral contraceptives, steroid hormones, insulin-sensitizing medications |
| Deepti 2017 [30] | Randomised controlled trail | N = 60 PCOS = 30 Controls = 30 |
PCOS = 24.0 Controls = 22.6 |
Oral examination, PI, GI, BOP, PD, CAL | Androgen Excess Society/2006 Criteria | Nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, significant CVD, diabetes mellitus, active cancer, smokers and alcohol dependent, antibiotics, oral contraceptives in the last 3 months, periapical pathology/inflammatory conditions, periodontal treatment within 6 months prior to study |
| Dursun E., 2011 [23] | Case–control | N = 52 PCOS-Non-obese = 25 Controls = 27 |
PCOS-non-obese = 22.7 Controls = 24.2 |
Oral examination, PD, CAL, GI, BOP, PI, Rx, GCF sample, Spectrophotometric, MPO assay | Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound Serum levels |
BMI > 30 kg/m2, hyperprolactinemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid disorder, Cushing´s syndrome, androgen-secreting tumours, smoking, oral contraceptives |
| Ozcaka O., 2012 [24] | Case–control | N = 73 PCOS-gingivitis = 30 PCOS-healthy = 31 Controls = 12 |
PCOS-gingivitis = 23.5 PCOS-healthy = 21.0 Controls = 28.5 |
Oral examination, PD, BOP, PI, saliva sample, GCF sample | Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound Serum levels Ferriman Gallwey score |
BMI > 30 kg/m2, androgen-secreting tumours, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid disorders, DM, hyperprolactinemia, Cushing´s syndrome, high BP, hepatic and renal dysfunction, oral contraceptives, steroid hormones, insulin-sensitizing drugs, alcohol, smokers |
| Ozcaka O., 2013 [18] | Case–control | N = 73 PCOS-gingivitis = 30 PCOS-healthy = 31 Controls = 12 |
PCOS-gingivitis = 23.5 PCOS-healthy = 21.0 Controls = 28.5 |
Oral examination, PD, BOP, PI, saliva sample, GCF sample, | Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound Serum levels Ferriman Gallwey score |
BMI > 30 kg/m2, hyperandrogenism, thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, CVD, DM, high BP, oral contraceptives, steroid hormone, insulin-sensitizing drugs |
| Porwal S., 2014 [16] | Case–control | n = 126 PCOS = 41 PCOS-treatment = 45 Healthy controls = 40 |
PCOS = 23.1 PCOS-treatment = 22.7 Healthy controls = 23.5 |
Oral examination, PD, PI, BOP, CAL, GI | Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound Serum levels WC and WHR hsCRP serum level |
BMI > 30 kg/m2, thyroid disorders, hyperprolactinemia, androgen-secreting tumours, chronic inflammatory diseases, DM, CVD, cancer, smoking, alcohol, antibiotics, periodontal treatment, aggressive periodontitis |
| Rahimnejad ME., 2015 [27] | Case–control | n = 196 PCOS = 98 Healthy controls = 98 |
PCOS = 29.1 Healthy = 28.6 |
Oral examination, BOP, PD, CAL, PI, tooth loss American Academy of Periodontology Criteria |
Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound Serum levels |
BMI > 25 kg/m2, pregnancy, osteoporosis, antibiotics, smoking, periodontal treatment, malignancies |
| Saglam E., 2017 [29] | Case–control | n = 88 PCOS without CP = 22 PCOS with CP = 22 Healthy with CP = 22 Healthy without CP = 22 |
PCOS without CP = 27.6 PCOS with CP = 28.6 Healthy with CP = 28.2 Healthy without CP = 27.8 |
Oral examination, PD, CAL, GI, PI, BOP MDA level 8-OHdG level TAS |
Medical History Rotterdam Criteria Ultrasound Serum levels WC and WHR |
BMI > 25 kg/m2, HbA1c > 6,5%, OGTT-2h > 200 mg/dL, not taken medication within the previous 3 months including antibiotics, oral contraceptives, steroid hormones, hypertensive medications, insulin-sensitizing drugs, periodontal therapy in the previous 6 months, androgen-secreting tumours, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, thyroid disorders, DM, hyperprolactinemia, Cushing´s syndrome |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BOP, bleeding on probing; BP, blood pressure; CAL, clinical attachment loss; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM, diabetes mellitus, GCF, gingival crevicular fluid; GI, gingival index; MDA, malondialdehyde; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; OGTT-2h, 2 h oral glucose tolerance test; 8-OHdG, hidroxi-deoxi-guanosina; PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome; PI, plaque index; PD, probing depth; TAS, total antioxidant status.