Table 2.
Cytokine production into the supernatant of cultured monocytes from the blood of hemodialysis patients compared to those from healthy controls. IL = interleukin, TNF = tumor necrosis factor, TGF = transforming growth factor, PTX = pentraxin; * = single cell intracellular measurement. ↓, down-regulation, ↑, up-regulation, →, unchanged.
| Cytokine | Function | Unstimulated | Stimulated by LPS | Quote |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| IL-1ß | Proinflammatory | ↑ | ↓ | [27] |
| IL-6 | Proinflammatory | → * ↑ |
→ * → |
[28] [27,29,30] |
| TNF-α | Proinflammatory | ↑ | → → * ↑ |
[27] [31] [30] |
| TGF-ß | Anti-proliferative, profibrotic | ↑ | [29] | |
| IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory | → * | → | [28] |
| PTX-3 | Pattern recognition, antibacterial defense | ↑ | → | [32] |