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. 2020 May 9;9(5):1184. doi: 10.3390/cells9051184

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Summary of membrane contact sites involved in the regulation of autophagy. The main contribution of each interorganellar contact site to the autophagic process is shown in yeast (blue) and mammals (yellow). Please see main text for a detailed description. ER = endoplasmic reticulum; PM = plasma membrane; ERES = ER exit sites; MAMs = mitochondria-associated membranes; ERMES = ER–mitochondria encounter structure; NVJs = nucleus–vacuole junctions; PMN = piecemeal microautophagy of the nucleus; Cvt = cytoplasm to vacuole targeting.