Table S4. Summary of findings.
| Outcomes | No. of studies |
Sample size |
Certainty assessment | Effect value (95% CI) |
Certainty | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Other considerations | |||||
| Nosocomial infections among confirm cases of COVID-19 | 2 | 179 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious3 | None | 44% (36%, 51%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Nosocomial infections among confirm cases of SARS | 6 | 3,610 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Not serious | None | 36% (23%, 49%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Nosocomial infections among confirm cases of MERS | 6 | 1,049 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Serious3 | None | 56% (8%, 100%) | ⊕○○○ very low |
| Health care workers among confirmed cases of COVID-19 | 2 | 179 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 33% (27%, 40%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Health care workers among confirmed cases of SARS | 6 | 3,662 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Not serious | None | 37% (25%, 49%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Health care workers among confirmed cases of MERS | 6 | 1,049 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Not serious | None | 19% (4%, 35%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Excluding health care workers among confirm cases of COVID-19, SARS and MERS | 2 | 589 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 2% (1%, 3%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Excluding health care workers among confirm cases of SARS | 4 | 267 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 24% (10%, 38%) | ⊕○○○ very low |
| Excluding health care workers among confirm cases of MERS | 6 | 1,049 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Serious3 | None | 36% (6%, 67%) | ⊕○○○ very low |
| Doctors among hospital staff with COVID-19 | 1 | 79 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 33% (24%, 44%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Doctors among hospital staff with SARS | 12 | 865 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 30% (19%,40%) | ⊕○○○ very low |
| Doctors among hospital staff with MERS | 3 | 20 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious3 | None | 35% (14%, 56%) | ⊕⊕○○low |
| Nurses among hospital staff with COVID-19 | 1 | 79 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 56% (45%, 66%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Nurses among hospital staff with SARS | 11 | 861 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 50% (45%, 55%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Nurses among hospital staff with MERS | 3 | 20 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious3 | None | 50% (29%, 71%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Staff other than doctors or nurses among hospital staff with COVID-19 | 1 | 79 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 11% (6%, 20%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Staff other than doctors or nurses among hospital staff with SARS | 11 | 846 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 21% (12%, 29%) | ⊕○○○ very low |
| Staff other than doctors or nurses among hospital staff with MERS | 2 | 17 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 16% (0%, 32%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Health care staff with SARS who did not wear protective clothing | 5 | 222 | Serious1 | Serious2 | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 63% (35%, 92%) | ⊕○○○ very low |
| Health care staff with SARS who did not wear gloves | 3 | 81 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious3 | None | 58% (39%, 76%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Health care staff with SARS who did not wear goggles | 3 | 81 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 91% (80%, 102%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Health care staff with SARS who did not take hand disinfection measure | 3 | 81 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious3 | None | 57% (0%, 100%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
| Health care staff with SARS who did not wear masks | 3 | 81 | Serious1 | Not serious | Not serious | Serious4 | None | 7% (0%, 16%) | ⊕⊕○○ low |
1, downgrade one level: the risk of bias is high due to the limitations of study design. 2, downgrade one level: heterogeneity of data synthesis results, I2>50%. 3, downgrade one level: the confidence interval is too wide. 4, downgrade one level: the sample size is too small. CI, confidence interval; CS, cross-sectional study.