Table 1.
Clinical characteristics, in-hospital treatments, complications, outcomes, and resource utilization in heat stroke patients.
| Total | Acute Myocardial Infarction | No Acute Myocardial Infarction | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical characteristics | ||||
| N (%) | 3372 | 225 (6.7) | 3147 (93.3) | |
| Age (years) | 55 ± 22 | 62 ± 20 | 54 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| <20 | 218 (6.5) | 4 (1.8) | 214 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| 20–39 | 654 (19.4) | 27 (12.0) | 627 (19.9) | |
| 40–59 | 1034 (30.7) | 69 (30.7) | 965 (30.7) | |
| 60–79 | 900 (26.7) | 65 (28.9) | 835 (26.6) | |
| ≥80 | 564 (16.7) | 60 (26.7) | 504 (16.0) | |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 2478 (73.5) | 135 (60.0) | 2343 (74.5) | |
| Female | 894 (26.5%) | 90 (40.0) | 804 (25.5%) | |
| Race | 0.67 | |||
| Caucasian | 1883 (55.8) | 118 (52.4) | 1765 (56.1) | |
| African American | 496 (14.7) | 33 (14.7) | 463 (14.7) | |
| Hispanic | 428 (12.7) | 33 (14.7) | 395 (12.6) | |
| Other | 565 (16.8) | 41 (18.2) | 524 (16.7) | |
| Smoking | 604 (17.9) | 22 (9.8) | 582 (18.5) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol drinking | 270 (8.0) | 13 (5.8) | 257 (8.2) | 0.20 |
| Obesity | 233 (6.9) | 26 (11.6) | 207 (6.6) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 562 (16.7) | 56 (24.9) | 506 (16.1) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 1255 (37.2) | 112 (49.8) | 1143 (36.3) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia | 495 (14.7) | 41 (18.2) | 454 (14.4) | 0.12 |
| Hypothyroidism | 196 (5.8) | 7 (3.1) | 189 (6.0) | 0.07 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 201 (6.0) | 24 (10.7) | 177 (5.6) | 0.002 |
| Coronary artery disease | 389 (11.5) | 37 (16.4) | 352 (11.2) | 0.02 |
| Congestive heart failure | 216 (6.4) | 23 (10.2) | 193 (6.1) | 0.02 |
| Atrial flutter/fibrillation | 251 (7.4) | 22 (9.8) | 229 (7.3) | 0.17 |
| Treatment | ||||
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 686 (20.3) | 94 (41.8) | 592 (18.8) | <0.001 |
| Blood component transfusion | 169 (5.0) | 35 (15.6) | 134 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 75 (2.2) | 11 (4.9) | 64 (2.0) | 0.005 |
| Coronary angiogram ± primary coronary intervention | 18 (0.5) | 18 (8.0%) | 0 (0) | N/A |
| Complication and outcomes | ||||
| Hyponatremia | 293 (8.7) | 14 (6.2) | 279 (8.9) | 0.17 |
| Hypernatremia | 183 (5.4) | 16 (7.1) | 167 (5.3) | 0.25 |
| Hypokalemia | 500 (14.8) | 32 (14.2) | 468 (14.9) | 0.79 |
| Hyperkalemia | 134 (4.0) | 10 (4.4) | 124 (3.9) | 0.71 |
| Hypocalcemia | 73 (2.2) | 3 (1.3) | 70 (2.2) | 0.38 |
| Hypercalcemia | 37 (1.1) | 1 (0.4) | 36 (1.1) | 0.33 |
| Rhabdomyolysis | 1049 (31.1) | 83 (36.9) | 966 (30.7) | 0.05 |
| Metabolic acidosis | 472 (14.0) | 50 (22.2) | 422 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| Metabolic alkalosis | 29 (0.9) | 4 (1.8) | 25 (0.8) | 0.12 |
| Sepsis | 149 (4.4) | 29 (12.9) | 120 (3.8) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal bleeding | 54 (1.6) | 16 (7.1) | 38 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia/cardiac arrest | 95 (2.8) | 16 (7.1) | 79 (2.5) | 0.001 |
| Renal failure | 1226 (36.4) | 103 (45.8) | 1123 (35.7) | 0.002 |
| Respiratory failure | 550 (16.3) | 87 (38.7) | 463 (14.7) | <0.001 |
| Circulatory failure | 393 (11.7) | 40 (17.8) | 353 (11.2) | 0.003 |
| Liver failure | 196 (5.8) | 35 (15.6) | 161 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Neurological failure | 651 (19.3) | 68 (30.2) | 583 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Hematological failure | 449 (13.3) | 60 (26.7) | 389 (12.4) | <0.001 |
| In-hospital mortality | 168 (5.0) | 35 (15.6) | 133 (4.2) | <0.001 |
| Resource utilization | ||||
| Length of hospital stay (days) | 4.3 ± 7.0 | 8.0 ± 13.4 | 4.0 ± 6.2 | <0.001 |
| Hospitalization cost ($) | 35,335 ± 72,085 | 72,444 ± 117,246 | 32,757 ± 67,112 | <0.001 |
Continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation; categorical variables as counts (percentages).