Table 2.
Liver-related outcomes in presented studies.
| Reference | n Total | AST (Mean) ALT (Mean) LDH (Mean) |
Abnormal AST (n) Abnormal ALT (n) Abnormal LDH (n) |
Bilirubin (Mean) ALP (Mean) Creatinine (Mean) |
Abnormal Bilirubin (n) Abnormal ALP (n) Abnormal Creatinine (n) |
Total Protein (Mean) Albumin (Mean) |
Abnormal Tot. Protein (n) Abnormal Albumin (n) |
Prothrombin Time (Mean) INR (Mean) |
Abnormal Prothrombin Time (n) Abnormal INR (n) |
Abnormal Liver Function (n/n Total) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SARS CoV-2 | ||||||||||
| Chen et al. [16]/2020/China | 99 | nd | AST: 35 ALT: 28 LDH: 75 |
nd | BIL: 18 CR: 24 |
nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Chuan et al. [17]/2020/China | 32 | AST (U/L): 24.75 ALT (U/L): 26.98 |
nd | BIL (mmol/L): 16.4 | nd | ALB (g/L): 39 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| [2]/2020/China | 1099 | nd | AST: 168 ALT: 158 LDH: 277 |
nd | BIL: 76 CR: 12 |
nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Wang et al. [12]/2020/China | 138 | AST (U/L):31 * ALT (U/L): 24 * LDH (U/L): 261 * |
nd | BIL (mmol/L): 9.8 * CR (µmol/L): 72 * |
nd | nd | nd | PT (s): 13 * | nd | nd |
| Zhou et al. [18]/2020/China | 191 | ALT (U/L): 30 * LDH (U/L): 300 * |
ALT: 59 LDH: 123 |
nd | CR: 8 | ALB (g/L): 32.3 * | nd | PT (s): 11.6 * | PT: 182 | nd |
| Zhang et al. [19]/2020/China | 56 | nd | nd | nd | ALP: 1 | nd | nd | nd | nd | 16/56 |
| Yang et al. [20]/2020/China | 52 | nd | nd | BIL (µmol/L): 17.04 CR (µmol/L): 79 |
nd | nd | nd | PT (s): 12.3 | nd | nd |
| Xu et al. [21]/2020/China | 62 | AST(U/L): 26 * ALT (U/L):22* LDH (U/L): 205 * |
AST: 10 LDH: 17 |
CR (µmol/L): 72 | CR: 3 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Wu et al. [22]/2020/China | 80 | AST (U/L): 30 * ALT (U/L): 24 * LDH (U/L): 226 * |
AST: 3 ALT: 3 LDH: 17 |
BIL (µmol/L): 6.6 CR (µmol/L): 78 |
BIL: 1 CR: 2 |
ALB (g/L): 38.3 * | ALB: 2 | PT (s): 10.8 | nd | nd |
| Shi et al. [23]/2020/China | 81 | AST (U/L): 40.8 ALT (U/L): 46.2 |
AST: 43 | BIL (µmol/L): 11.9 CR (µmol/L): 75.4 |
nd | ALB (g/L): 32.9 | nd | PT (s): 10.7 | nd | nd |
| Jin et al. [4]/2020/China | 651 | AST (U/L): 29.35 (g)/24.2 (ng) * ALT (U/L): 25(g)/21.5 (ng) LDH (U/L): 229(g)/210 (ng) |
nd | BIL (µmol/L): 10 (g)/9.6 (ng) CR (µmol/L):66.0 (g)/66.0 (ng) |
nd | ALB (g/L): 40.13 (g)/41.5 (ng) | nd | nd | INR: 1.03 (g)/1.02 (ng) | nd |
| SARS CoV-1 | ||||||||||
| Chan et al. [24]/2004/China | 118 | ALT (U/L): 25.5 | ALT: 25 | CR (µmol/L): 85 | nd | nd | nd | PT (s): 11.2 * | nd | nd |
| Chan et al. [25]/2005/China | 294 | nd | ALT: 52 | nd | ALP: 40 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Chau et al. [13]/2004/China | 3 | ALT (U/L): 165X | nd | BIL (µmol/L): 7.3X | nd | ALB (g/L): 32Y | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Chen et al. [26]/2003/China | 7 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Cui et al. [27]/2004/China | 182 | nd | ALT: 89 AST: 89 LDH: 76 |
nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Ding et al. [28]/2003/China | 3 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Farcas et al. [29]/2005/Canada | 21 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Guan et al. [30]/2004/China | 110 | ALT (U/L): 91.61X AST (U/L): 78.68X LDH (U/L): 429.69X |
nd | BIL (µmol/L): 11.67X | ALP: 0 | ALB (g/L): 34.4 | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Han et al. [31]/2003/China | 69 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 37/nd |
| Hsiao et al. [32]/2004/Taiwan | 346 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Kumar et al. [33]/2003/Canada | 1 | AST (U/L):51 | ALT: 1 | nd | BIL: 1 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Lang et al. [34]/2003/China | 3 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Liu et al. [35]/2003/China | 106 | nd | ALT: 8 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Luo et al. [36]/2003/Germany | 1 | ALT (U/L): 425.5X AST (U/L): 319X |
LDH: 0 | nd | CR: 0 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Zhao et al. [37]/2004/China | 106 | nd | ALT: 106 AST: 68 |
nd | nd | nd | TP: 0 ALB: 122 |
nd | nd | nd |
| Yin et al. [38]/2004/China | 148 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 148 |
| Yang et al. [39]/2005/China | 168 | ALT (U/L): 111.32X AST (U/L): 48.95X |
ALT:118 | BIL: (µmol/L): 10.41X | nd | ALB (mg/L): 34.26Y | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Wu et al. [40]/2004/ Taiwan | 52 | ALT (U/L): 86.19X AST (U/L): 69.05 X |
ALT: 28 AST: 28 |
nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Wong et al. [41]/2003/China | 54 | ALT (U/L): 95.7X AST (U/L): 62.8X |
ALT:41X | BIL: (µmol/L): 11.1X ALP (U/L): 72.6X |
nd | ALB (g/L): 33.2Y | nd | nd | 61 | nd |
| Tong et al. [42]/2003/China | 114 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 84/nd |
| Shi et al. [43]/2005/China | 7 | nd | AST: 4 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Peiris et al. [45]/2003/China | 50 | ALT (U/L): 63 * | ALT: 17 | nd | nd | ALB (g/L): 37 | ALB: 34 | nd | nd | 17/nd |
| Meng et al. [44]/2003/China | 41 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 27/nd |
| MERS CoV | ||||||||||
| Al Tawfiq et al. [46]/2017/USA | 16 | AST (U/L): 661X ALT (U/L): 476X LDH (U/L): 1825.8X |
nd | BIL (µmol/L): 21X ALP (U/L): 257.3X CR (mg/dL): 3.8X |
nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Alsaad et al. [8]/2018/Saudi Arabia | 1 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0/1 |
| Halim et al. [47]/2016/Egypt | 32 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Ling et al. [48]/2015/China | 1 | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Kapoor et al. [49]/2014/USA | 1 | AST (U/L): 95 ALT (U/L): 80 |
nd | BIL (mg/dL): 1 ALP (U/L) 270 CR (mg/dL): 0.75 |
nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Yousefi et al. [50]/2017/Iran | 5 | AST (U/L): 60.7 ALT (U/L): 35.75 |
AST: 3 ALT: 2 |
CR (mg/dL): 0.77 | nd | nd | nd | PT: 13.65 INR: 1.1 |
PT: 2 INR: 1 |
nd |
| Sherbini et al. [51]/2017/Saudi Arabia | 29 | AST (U/L): 86.3 ALT (U/L): 98.4 |
nd | BIL (µmol/L): 16.64 CR (µmol/L): 225 |
nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Saad et al. [52]/2014/Saudi Arabia | 70 | AST (U/L): 112 * XALT (U/L): 54 *X |
nd | BIL (µmol/L): 17 * XALP (U/L): 145 * XCR (µmol/L): 251.5 *X |
nd | ALB (mg/dL): 21 *Y | nd | nd | nd | 22/70 |
| Ng et al. [53]/2014/United Arab Emirates | 1 | AST (U/L): 51 ALT (U/L): 28 |
nd | CR (mg/dL): 0.9 | nd | nd | nd | PT: 12 INR: 1.1 |
nd | nd |
* median; X, highest measurement during the study; Y, lowest measurement during the study; nd, not determined; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotrasfesrase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; INR, international normalized ratio; BIL, bilirubin; ALB, albumin; CR, creatinine; PT, prothrombin time.