Table 1.

BPD prevention strategies.

	BPD Prevention Methods
Antenatal glucocorticoids	Given to women between 23 and 34 WG Less respiratory distress syndrome Shorter periods of mechanical ventilation and oxygen supplementation [120]
Surfactant	Reduces the need for mechanical ventilation and oxygen dependence [121]
LISA technique [122]	Reduces the need for mechanical ventilation [123,124]
Protective ventilation	Low tidal volumes Early weaning from mechanical ventilation Early CPAP and noninvasive ventilation
Targeted O2 saturation	Reducesoxidative damage [125]
Early therapy with caffeine	Shorter time on ventilatory support [126] Better lung function [127,128] Modulates angiogenic gene expression early in lung development [129]
Vitamin A	Has a role in lung maturation and repair Reduces the development of BPD at 36 weeks PMA, but has no effect on long-term respiratory morbidity [130,131,132,133,134,135]
Postnatal infection control	Reduces inflammatory mediators and the need for mechanical ventilation
Hemodynamically significant PDA treatment	Reduces pulmonary overflow, and this limits the need for ventilation [136]
Fluid restriction	Prevents pulmonary overflow and consequent lung edema Reduces the incidence of PDA [137]
Azithromycin prophylaxis	In newborns colonized with Urea plasma [138]
Nutrition	Adequate enteral supplement of nutrients [139] Possibly with mother’s own milk [140,141] To ensure a good weight gain [142] L-citrulline in particular seems to correlate with a lower incidence of Pulmonary hypertension [143,144] (an interesting trial [NCT03542812] is ongoing)
Postnatal systemic glucocorticoids	Reduce inflammation, vascular permeability and lung edema Their short- and long-term adverse effects suggest caution in their routine use for preventing BPD [145]