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. 2020 May 25;9(5):1311. doi: 10.3390/cells9051311

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Potential effects of transforming growth factor β1 and interleukin-6 at the early stage of liver regeneration. The initial action of platelet TGF-β1 is the induction of the expression of the IL-6 gene by LSEC, probably through the canonical small mothers against decapentaplegic SMAD transcription factor complex. IL-6 promotes hepatocyte proliferation. Additionally, platelets TGF-β1 is connected to inflammation through its effects on hepatic stellate cells (HSC) (cell activation) and on Kuppfer cells (KC) (M2 polarization). HGF: hepatocyte growth factor, HSC: hepatic stellate cells, IL-6: interleukin-6, LSEC: liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, TGF- β1: transforming growth factor β1.