Table 1.
Models included for predicting risk of incident type 2 diabetes.
| Author/Year | Population | Risk Predictors | Name Risk Diabetes Score | Risk Predictors in the Model | Country | % Incidence Diabetes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alssema 2011 [27] | Adults | Clinical | DETECT-2 | Age, BMI, waist circumference, use of antihypertensive drugs and history of gestational diabetes | Europe, Australia and Africa | 4.6 |
| Europe | ||||||
| Glumer 2004 [28] | Adults 30–64 years |
Clinical | DDRS | Age, gender, body mass index, known hypertension, regular exercise, and family history of diabetes. | Three European countries (England, Netherlands, Denmark) | 4.2 |
| Balkau 2008 [29] | Adults volunteers 30–65 years |
Clinical | DESIR | Men: Waist circumference, hypertension, smoking status Women: Waist circumference, family history of diabetes, hypertension |
western French | 7.5 |
| Schulze 2007 [46] | Adults 35–65 years |
Clinical and diet | GDRS | Age, waist circumference, height, history of hypertension, physical inactivity, smoking, consumption of red meat, whole grain bread, coffee, and alcohol | German (Epic-Potsdam) | 3.4 |
| Muhlenbrunch 2014 [47] | Adults 35–65 years |
Clinical and diet | GDRS-modified | Age, waist circumference, height, history of hypertension, physical, inactivity, smoking, consumption of red meat, whole grain bread, coffee, alcohol and history of diabetes | German (Epic-Potsdam) | 2.2 |
| Simmons 2007 [53] | Adults 40–79 years |
Clinical and diet | EPIC-Norfolk | Age, gender, physical activity, family history of diabetes, BMI, smoking whole grain bread, fruits | UK (Epic-Norfolk) | 1.7 |
| Rahman 2008 [30] | Adults 40–79 years |
Clinical | Cambridge | Age, gender, current use of corticosteroids, use of antihypertensive drugs, family history of diabetes, BMI, smoking | UK-Norfolk Cohort | 1.3 |
| Hippisley-Cox 2009 [31] | Adults 25–79 years |
Clinical and an index of material deprivation | QDScore | Age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, smoking, family history of diabetes, Townsend score, treated hypertension, cardiovascular disease, current use of corticosteroids | England (3–4% of another ethnicity) | 3.1 |
| Lindstrom 2013 [32] | Adults 35–64 years |
Clinical | FINDRISC | Age, BMI, waist circumference, use of antihypertensive drugs, history of hypertension | Finland National Population Register | 4.1 |
| Joseph 2010 [48] | Adults 25–98 years |
Clinical and biological | The Tromsø Study | Age, BMI, total cholesterol, triglyceride level, high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, hypertension, family history of diabetes, education, physical inactivity, smoking | North Norway | 2.0 |
| Asia | ||||||
| Aekplakorn 2006 [33] | Adult workers 35–55 years |
Clinical | EGATS | Age, BMI, waist circumference, hypertension, family history of diabetes in first degree relative | Thailand | 11.1 |
| Al-Lawati 2007 [40] | Adults >20 years |
Clinical | Omani | Age, BMI, waist circumference, hypertension, family history of diabetes, current hypertension status | Oman | prevalent cases |
| Jahangiri 2013 [49] | Adults >20 years |
Clinical and biological | Teheran study | FPG, 2hPLG, TG, PAS, HDL-C and family history of diabetes | Iran | 10.1 |
| Mohan 2005 [41] | Adults >18 years |
Clinical | IDRS | Age, waist circumference, hypertension, family history of diabetes, current hypertension status | South Indian | 15.5 |
| Ramachandran 2005 [54] | Adults >20 year |
Clinical | NUDS | Age, family history of diabetes, BMI, waist circumference, physical activity, | Six cities national survey India | 4.6 |
| Gao 2009 [45] | Adults 20–65 years |
Clinical | NS | BMI, waist circumference, family history of diabetes | Mauritians Indian | 16.5 |
| Liu 2011 [44] | Adults 40–90 years |
Clinical and biological | MJLPD | Age, hypertension, history of high blood glucose level, BMI, fasting plasma glucose level, triglyceride level, high density lipoprotein cholesterol level | Military officer in Beijing, China | 26.6 |
| Chuang 2011 [42] | Adults >35 years |
Clinical | Chinese-DRS | Age, gender, education, alcohol, BMI, waist circumference | Taiwan | 6.5 |
| DoI 2012 [43] | Adults 40–79 years |
Clinical | Hisayama study | Age, gender, family history of diabetes, abdominal circumference, body mass index, hypertension, regular exercise and current smoking | Japanese Kyushu island | 14.7 |
| Oceania | ||||||
| Cameron 2008 [50] | Adults >25 years |
Clinical and biological | AusDiab | Age, gender, ethnicity, fasting plasma glucose level, systolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, BMI, parental history of diabetes | Australian main Caucasian | 3.8 |
| Chen 2010 [34] | Adults >25 years |
Clinical | AUSDRISK | Age, gender, BMI, ethnicity, physical inactivity, smoking, history of high blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, waist circumference, parental history of diabetes | Australian main Caucasian | 5.9 |
| South-America | ||||||
| Guerrero-Romero 2010 [35] | Adults | Clinical and biological | ITD | Age, gender, family history of diabetes, family history of hypertension, family history of obesity, history of gestational diabetes or macrosomia, fasting plasma glucose level, physical inactivity, triglyceride level, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, BMI | México | 14.1 |
| North-America | ||||||
| Schmidt 2005 [36] | Adults 45–64 years |
Clinical and biological | ARIC | Age, waist circumference, height, systolic blood pressure, family history of diabetes, ethnicity, fasting plasma glucose level, HDL, Triglycerides | US | 16.3 |
| Stern 2002 [37] | Adults 25–64 years |
Clinical and biologicals | San Antonio | Age, gender, ethnicity, fasting plasma glucose level, systolic blood pressure, high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, BMI, family history of diabetes in first degree relative | US (61% Mexican Americans) | 9.2 |
| Wilson 2007 [38] | Middle aged | Clinical and biological | Framingham Offspring | Fasting plasma glucose level, BMI, high density lipoprotein cholesterol level, parental history of diabetes, triglyceride level, blood pressure | US (Framingham) | 5.1 |
| Kahn 2009 [55] | Adults | Clinical and biological | ARIC enhanced | Family history of diabetes (mother or father), hypertension, ethnicity, age, alcohol, waist circumference, height, resting pulse, glucose level, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, uric acid | US | 19.0 |
| Rosella 2011 [39] | Adults >20 years |
Clinical | DPoRT | Age, ethnicity, BMI, hypertension, immigrant status, smoking, education, cardiovascular disease | Ontario Canada | 7.1 |
DETECT-2: Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance; DDRS: Danish Diabetes Risk Score; DESIR: Data from the Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome; GDRS: German Diabetes Risk Score; EPIC-Norfolk: European Prospective Investigation of Cancer and Nutrition; Cambridge: Cambridge Risk Score; FINDRISC: Finnish Diabetes Risk Score; EGATS: Electric Generating Authority of Thailand Study; IDRS: The Indian Diabetes Risk Score; NUDS: National Urban Diabetes Survey; MJLPD: MJ Longitudinal health-check-up-based Population Database; Chinese-DRS: Chinese Diabetes Risk Score; AusDiab: Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle study; AUSDRISK: Australian Type 2 Diabetes RISK; ITD: Instrument for type 2 diabetes (ITD); ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities; San Antonio: San Antonio prediction model; Framingham offspring: Framingham Offspring Score; DPoRT: Diabetes Population Risk Tool.