Table 1.
Allele frequency difference (mAFD) values and mutation rates of 23 Y-chromosomal short tandem repeats (Y-STRs).
| Loci | mAFD | Mutation Rates # | Binomial 95%CI | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DYS392 | 0.3802 | 4.96 × 10−4 | 2.14 × 10−4–9.77 × 10−4 |
| 2 | DYS438 | 0.3507 | 3.51 × 10−4 | 0.96 × 10−4–8.99 × 10−4 |
| 3 | DYS635 | 0.3379 | 4.21 × 10−3 | 2.97 × 10−3–5.80 × 10−3 |
| 4 | DYS481 | 0.3359 | 4.88 × 10−3 | 2.52 × 10−3–8.51 × 10−3 |
| 5 | DYS449 | 0.3271 | 9.44 × 10−3 | 5.78 × 10−3–1.45 × 10−2 |
| 6 | DYS448 | 0.3257 | 1.39 × 10−3 | 6.92 × 10−4–2.48 × 10−3 |
| 7 | DYS533 | 0.3104 | 3.68 × 10−3 | 1.68 × 10−3–6.97 × 10−3 |
| 8 | DYS19 | 0.3053 | 2.20 × 10−3 | 1.55 × 10−3–3.04 × 10−3 |
| 9 | DYS393 | 0.2878 | 1.07 × 10−3 | 6.11 × 10−4–1.74 × 10−3 |
| 10 | DYS518 | 0.2786 | 1.46 × 10−2 | 9.86 × 10−3–2.08 × 10−2 |
| 11 | DYS627 | 0.2666 | 1.32 × 10−2 | 8.95 × 10−3–1.88 × 10−2 |
| 12 | DYS390 | 0.2504 | 2.08 × 10−3 | 1.44 × 10−3–2.91 × 10−3 |
| 13 | DYS389I | 0.2494 | 2.72 × 10−3 | 1.96 × 10−3–3.69 × 10−3 |
| 14 | DYS570 | 0.2372 | 1.14 × 10−2 | 7.67 × 10−3–1.62 × 10−2 |
| 15 | DYS458 | 0.2345 | 6.17 × 10−3 | 4.57 × 10−3–8.15 × 10−3 |
| 16 | DYS460 | 0.2278 | 5.82 × 10−3 | 2.80 × 10−3–1.69 × 10−2 |
| 17 | DYS437 | 0.2273 | 1.32 × 10−3 | 7.39 × 10−4–2.18 × 10−3 |
| 18 | DYS439 | 0.2211 | 5.46 × 10−3 | 4.19 × 10−3–6.99 × 10−3 |
| 19 | DYS576 | 0.2136 | 1.26 × 10−2 | 8.86 × 10−3–1.73 × 10−2 |
| 20 | DYS389II | 0.2131 | 4.33 × 10−3 | 3.34 × 10−3–5.51 × 10−3 |
| 21 | DYS456 | 0.2106 | 4.41 × 10−3 | 3.07 × 10−3–6.12 × 10−3 |
| 22 | DYS391 | 0.1891 | 2.53 × 10−3 | 1.82 × 10−3–3.43 × 10−3 |
| 23 | YGATAH4 | 0.1845 | 3.01 × 10−3 | 1.98 × 10−3–4.38 × 10−3 |
# The data of mutation rates is from the Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database (YHRD) website (release 61, Jun 2019) [19]. Y-STRs in the Yfiler set are indicated in bold.