Table 1.
Participant characteristics at baseline.
| All (n = 72) | Control Group (n = 36) | Exercise Group (n = 36) | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y, mean ± SD | 75.0 ± 6.9 | 75.8 ± 7.3 | 74.1 ± 6.6 | 0.304 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Female | 51 (70.8%) | 25 (69.4%) | 26 (72.2%) | 0.795 |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 20.7 ± 2.4 | 20.6 ± 2.1 | 20.9 ± 2.7 | 0.628 |
| Fall history in the past year, n (%) | 9 (12.5%) | 4 (11.1%) | 5 (13.9%) | 0.722 |
| Medial history, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertension | 25 (35.2%) | 10 (27.8%) | 15 (42.9%) | 0.184 |
| Heart disease | 10 (13.9%) | 4 (11.1%) | 6 (16.7%) | 0.496 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 6 (8.3%) | 4 (11.1%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0.394 |
| Arthritis | 7 (9.7%) | 2 (5.6%) | 5 (13.9%) | 0.233 |
| Medication a, no. mean ± SD | 2.6 ± 2.5 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 3.0 ± 2.8 | 0.285 |
| Sarcopenia status, n (%) | ||||
| Sarcopenia | 20 (27.8%) | 11 (30.6%) | 9 (25.0%) | 0.599 |
| Pre-sarcopenia | 52 (72.2%) | 25 (69.4%) | 27 (75.0%) | |
| Physical function | ||||
| Grip strength, kg, mean ± SD | 23.0 ± 5.5 | 23.2 ± 6.3 | 22.7 ± 4.6 | 0.702 |
| Usual gait speed, m/sec, mean ± SD | 1.34 ± 0.22 | 1.35 ± 0.24 | 1.33 ± 0.18 | 0.593 |
| Maximum gait speed, m/sec, mean ± SD | 1.70 ± 0.28 | 1.73 ± 0.31 | 1.67 ± 0.25 | 0.391 |
| Chair stand a, sec, mean ± SD | 10.3 ± 3.2 | 9.6 ± 2.9 | 10.9 ± 3.4 | 0.086 |
| Timed up and go, sec, mean ± SD | 8.7 ± 2.0 | 8.5 ± 2.0 | 9.0 ± 2.9 | 0.285 |
| Muscle mass | ||||
| ASMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 5.6 ± 0.8 | 0.811 |
| Cross-sectional right thigh muscle area b, cm2, mean ± SD | ||||
| Lower c | 47.5 ± 8.2 | 47.6 ± 8.5 | 47.3 ± 8.0 | 0.871 |
| Middle c | 64.3 ± 11.0 | 65.5 ± 11.3 | 62.8 ± 10.6 | 0.342 |
| Upper c | 79.5 ± 13.9 | 81.3 ± 14.5 | 77.4 ± 13.1 | 0.265 |
| Thigh muscle volume b, cm3, mean ± SD | 566.1 ± 97.9 | 574.5 ± 101.9 | 556.2 ± 93.9 | 0.455 |
Data presented as mean ± SD or number (%). There were no significant between-group differences in baseline characteristics. BMI = body mass index; SPPB = short physical performance battery; ASMI = appendicular skeletal muscle mass index. a Missing, n =1. b Missing, n = 7. c Lower, a 30-slice section from the upper edge of the patella; middle, a 60-slice section from the upper edge of the patella; upper, a 90-slice section from the upper edge of the patella (1 slice = 1.5 mm thickness).