Table 3.
Results of repeated measures MANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA.
| Analysis | Dependent Variable(s) | Independent Variable | (M)ATS | df1 | df2 | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MANOVA RM |
Multiple outcomes * |
mTBI | 197.538 | - | - | <0.001 |
| Time points | 34.708 | - | - | <0.001 | ||
| mTBI: Time points | 2.932 | - | - | 0.158 | ||
| ANOVA RM |
SF-36 PCS | mTBI | 5.897 | 1 | 1365.422 | 0.015 |
| Time points | 61.133 | 1 | - | <0.001 | ||
| mTBI: Time points | 4.361 | 1 | - | 0.037 | ||
| SF-36 MCS | mTBI | 7.879 | 1 | 1399.985 | 0.005 | |
| Time points | 10.502 | 1 | - | 0.001 | ||
| mTBI: Time points | 3.058 | 1 | - | 0.080 | ||
| PCL-5 | mTBI | 5.481 | 1 | 1366.071 | 0.019 | |
| Time points | 16.902 | 1 | - | <0.001 | ||
| mTBI: Time points | 0.653 | 1 | - | 0.448 | ||
| PHQ-9 | mTBI | 2.632 | 1 | 1386.136 | 0.114 | |
| Time points | 9.075 | 1 | - | 0.005 | ||
| mTBI: Time points | 0.032 | 1 | - | 0.848 | ||
| GAD-7 | mTBI | 3.216 | 1 | 1425.187 | 0.073 | |
| Time points | 3.137 | 1 | - | 0.077 | ||
| mTBI: Time points | 0.026 | 1 | - | 0.872 | ||
| QOLIBRI | mTBI | 12.25 | 1 | 1337.174 | <0.001 | |
| Time points | 8.588 | 1 | - | 0.003 | ||
| mTBI: Time points | 2.980 | 1 | - | 0.084 | ||
| GOSE | mTBI | 80.944 | 1 | 1444.067 | <0.001 | |
| Time points | 26.15 | 1 | - | <0.001 | ||
| mTBI: Time points | 1.057 | 1 | - | 0.304 |
Note: TBI severity = between effect (uncomplicated and complicated mTBI); Time = within effect (time points 3 and 6 months after TBI); p = p-value based on parametric bootstrapping ((M)ATS). Bold p-values are significant at α = 0.05 for MANOVA-RM and αadj = 0.007 for ANOVA-RM, respectively. * Multiple outcomes = all seven outcomes combined as a dependent variable. Abbreviations. (M)ATS = (multivariate) ANOVA-type statistic; df1/df2 = degrees of freedom; p = p-value; TBI = traumatic brain injury; SF-PCS = Short Form (36) Health Survey (physical component score); SF-MCS = Short Form (36) Health Survey (mental component score); PCL-5 = Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire; GAD-7 = Generalized Anxiety Disorder questionnaire; QOLIBRI = Quality of Life after Brain Injury; GOSE = Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended.