Table 3.

Summary of reported studies of environmental sapovirus in Africa.

Ref	Country	Study Period; Duration	Prevalence	Specimen Source	Sapovirus Detection Method	Sequencing Primers and Sequenced Region	Identified Genotypes -Based on Partial VP1 Sequence (# of Samples)	Identified Genotypes -Based on Partial RdRp Sequence (# of Samples)
[53]	Kenya	May 2007 to Feb 2008; 9 months	90% (9/10) 14.3% (1/7)	urban and rural river water, sewage	Real-time RT-PCR a	n/a	n/a	n/a
[56]	South Africa	n/a	80% (8/10)	wastewater treatment works and affected wastewater bodies	Real-time RT-qPCR b	partial VP1 e nt 5157–5591 and 5159–5498 *	GI.2(6/6)	n/a
[54]	South Africa	Aug 2010 to Dec 2011; 16 months	73% (37/51)	wastewater	Real-time RT-qPCR b	Partial VP1 f nt 5159–5498 *	GI.2 (8) GI.3 (3) GI.6 (1) GI.7 (1) GII.1 (1) GII.2(1)	n/a
[55]	South Africa	Jan 2009 to Dec 2010; 23 months	41% (21/51) in 2009 58% (27/48) in 2010	river water	Real-time RT-PCR a	Partial VP1 f nt 5159–5498 *	GI.1(1) G1.2(9) GI.3(2) GI.5(3) GI.7(1) GII.3(1) GII.5(1) GII.8(3)	n/a
[21]	Tunisia	Dec 2009 to Dec 2010; 12 months	39.9% (87/218) All 56% (61/109) Untreated 23.9% (26/109) Treated	wastewater treatment plants	Real-time RT-PCR c	Partial VP1 gnt 5159–5591 *	GI.1(2) GI.2(15) GII.1(2) GII.4(4) GII.8(1)	n/a
[57]	Tunisia	Jan 2003 and April 2007	0% (0/250) sewage	sewage samples	RT-PCR d	n/a	n/a	n/a
[58]	Tunisia	Jan-Dec 2011; 12 months	untreated 1 to 17% treated	Waste water	Real-time RT-PCR c	Partial RdRp d nt 4366–4884 *	n/a	GI.3(1) GIV.1(1) Could not assign (2)

^a CU-SV-F1/CU-SV-F2/CU-SV-R/CU-SV-Probe; ^b CU-SV-F1, CU-SV-F2 and SaV1245R; ^c SaV124F/SaV1245R, SaV124TP; ^d SR80/NVP110; ^e SaV124F, SaV1F, SaV5F, SV-R14 and SV-R14, SaV1245Rfwd, SV-R2; ^f SV-DS5, SV-DS6, SV-F13, SV-F14, SV-DS3, SV-DS4, SaV1245Rfwd, SV-DS5, SV-DS6; ^g SV-R13, SV-R14, SaV1F, SaV5F, SaV124F, SV-R2, 1245Rfwd; * Primer location based on sapovirus strain Manchester X86560.