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. 2020 May 6;12(5):301. doi: 10.3390/toxins12050301

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of action of Cry proteins. (a) Pore-forming model, once larvae ingest crystals, these are solubilized and proteolyzed in larvae midgut. Cry toxins recognize APN, ALP, and EC12/BT-R1 membrane receptors. Cry toxins suffer a proteolytic cleavage on helix α1, resulting in formation of a pre-pore oligomer structure. Posteriorly, oligomer structure is inserted into the cell membrane and creates an ionic pore that leads to osmotic failure, followed by septicemia and insect death. (b) Signaling pathway model, once Cry toxins recognize and bind to a cadherin receptor, induces activation of adenylyl cyclase that triggers an increase in cAMP and activates protein kinase A (PKA). This activation will induce a cascade of events that results in an ion channel formation in the membrane, cytoskeleton destabilization, and programmed cell death. A, Solubilization. B, Activation by proteolysis. C, Recognition of membrane receptor. Created with Biorender.com.

Mechanism of action of Cry proteins. (a) Pore-forming model, once larvae ingest crystals, these are solubilized and proteolyzed in larvae midgut. Cry toxins recognize APN, ALP, and EC12/BT-R1 membrane receptors. Cry toxins suffer a proteolytic cleavage on helix α1, resulting in formation of a pre-pore oligomer structure. Posteriorly, oligomer structure is inserted into the cell membrane and creates an ionic pore that leads to osmotic failure, followed by septicemia and insect death. (b) Signaling pathway model, once Cry toxins recognize and bind to a cadherin receptor, induces activation of adenylyl cyclase that triggers an increase in cAMP and activates protein kinase A (PKA). This activation will induce a cascade of events that results in an ion channel formation in the membrane, cytoskeleton destabilization, and programmed cell death. A, Solubilization. B, Activation by proteolysis. C, Recognition of membrane receptor. Created with Biorender.com.