Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Adjusted mean scores of lung cancer stigma. Total stigma (A), internalized stigma (B), perceived stigma (C), and constrained disclosure (D) by smoking history group. Results are adjusted for age, sex, education, marital status, race/ethnicity, and depressive symptoms. Error bars reflect 95% confidence intervals. LCSI = Lung Cancer Stigma Inventory. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001.
