Table 1.
ALE meta-analysis results for punishment.
| Brain Regions | Anatomical location | BA | MNI Coordinates (mm) |
Z score | Cluster Size (voxels) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| x | y | z | |||||
| Social punishment | |||||||
| L anterior insula | (Fp2/s32) | −30 | 18 | 8 | 3.87 | 282 | |
| R anterior insula | middle frontal gyrus | 38 | 22 | −2 | 4.94 | 198 | |
| L DLPFC | middle frontal gyrus | 44 | −46 | 20 | 40 | 4.33 | 108 |
| Second-party punishment | |||||||
| L anterior insula | (Fp2/s32) | −30 | 18 | 0 | 3.75 | 200 | |
| R anterior insula | middle frontal gyrus | 38 | 22 | −2 | 4.21 | 169 | |
| Third-party punishment | |||||||
| L VLPFC | IFG (pars orbitalis) | −46 | 30 | −8 | 5.02 | 94 | |
| L pTPJ | MTG | 22 (PGa) | −52 | −52 | 22 | 4.57 | 102 |
ALE main-effect results for social punishment, second-party punishment and third-party punishment (cFWE < .05). The right anterior insula cluster was also more significantly activated for second-party punishment than third-party punishment in contrast analyses. DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; VLPFC, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex; IFG, inferior frontal gyms; pTPJ, posterior temporoparietal junction; MTG, middle temporal gyms; BA, Brodmann area; anatomical assigmnent based on the Anatomy toolbox in parentheses; L, left; ALE, activation likelihood estimation; MNI, Montreal Neurological Institute.