Table 2.
Association between chronotype categories and participants' characteristics.
| Chronotype | p-value*** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Evening type (N* = 37) | Intermediate type (N = 47) | Morning type (N = 16) | |||
| Age (years) | Mean ± SD** | 9.97 ± 2.279b | 8.79 ± 2.176a,b | 8.00 ± 1.713a | 0.005 |
| BMI (Kg/m2) | Mean ± SD | 19.77 ± 3.976 | 18.55 ± 4.313 | 18.55 ± 3.828 | 0.632 |
| Number of siblings | Mean ± SD | 1.65 ± 0.789 | 1.74 ± 1.343 | 1.88 ± 1.258 | 0.801 |
| Gender | Males | 17 (44.7%) | 18 (47.4%) | 3 (7.9%) | 0.173 |
| Females | 20 (32.3%) | 29 (46.8%) | 13 (21.0%) | ||
| Premature birth | No | 34 (36.2%) | 45 (47.9%) | 15 (16.0%) | 0.761 |
| Yes | 3 (50.0%) | 2 (33.3%) | 1 (16.7%) | ||
| Electronic devices use | No | 9 (20.0%) | 25 (55.6%) | 11 (24.4%) | 0.009 |
| 1 h/week | 7 (35.0%) | 10 (50.0%) | 3 (15.0%) | ||
| 2 h/week | 9 (75.0%) | 2 (16.7%) | 1 (8.3%) | ||
| ≥3 h/week | 12 (52.2%) | 10 (43.5%) | 1 (4.3%) | ||
| Physical activity | ≤ 1 h/week | 15 (40.5%) | 18 (38.3%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0.217 |
| 2 h/week | 22 (36.1%) | 27 (44.3%) | 12 (19.7%) | ||
| 3–4 h/week | 0 (0%) | 2 (50.0%) | 2 (50.0%) | ||
| At least one parent smokes | No | 22 (35.5%) | 27 (43.5%) | 13 (21.0%) | 0.220 |
| Yes | 15 (39.5%) | 20 (52.6%) | 3 (7.9%) | ||
*
N = % (total N = 100);
**
SD, standard deviation;
***
p-values in bold are significant.
Chi-Square tests and Fisher Exact tests for the comparisons of categorical variables.
ANOVA followed by Tukey post-hoc tests and Kruskal-Wallis tests for the comparison of continuous variables.
a,b
Different letters indicate the presence of a significant difference according to Tukey post-hoc tests. Bold values are significant.