Fig. 1.

Regional astrocyte oxidative stress and iP expression in chronic MS WMLs. a and b RNA was extracted from the cortical WM of control and MS (n = 7–12) patients and analyzed via microarray and the relative expression of (a) PSMB7 and (b) PSMB8 were assessed as described [62]. c and d MS demyelinating lesions (black outline) and NAWM (white square) were identified by PLP labeling of the (c) brainstem and (d) spinal cord in MS patients. e GFAP⁺ astrocytes (red) were co-labeled with either LMP7 or PRDX6 (green) in NAWM or in WML of the brainstem or spinal cord. Scale bar: 10 μM. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Ctrl WM control white matter, NAWM normal-appearing white matter, WML white matter lesion