Table 2.
Basic characteristics of case series/case reports included
| Author/ Year |
Region | Design | Sample size | Sex | Agea (years) |
Infection | Organism | DCT | Combined antibiotics | Antimicrobial susceptibility test (μg/ml) | Treatment durationa (days) |
Follow-up timea (days) |
Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ceccarelli, 2013 [51] | Italy | case report | 1 | male | 65 |
SBSI, VAP combined |
MDR, KPC-III-producing KP |
ETP 0.5/1 g q24h DOR 0.25/0.5/1 g q8h (4 h infusions) |
– |
ETP ≥8 R DOR R |
28 | 30 |
clinical response microbiological response |
| Giamarellou, 2013 [26] | Greece | case report | 3 |
male (1) female (2) |
54 42 44 |
SBSI (2), UTI (3) | PDR, KPC-II-producing KP |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 1/2 g q8h (2) DOR 2 g q8h (1) |
– |
ETP > 8 R MEM > 16 R DOR > 8 R |
20 14 10 |
300 21 180 |
clinical response 3/3 microbiological response 3/3 |
| Oliva, 2014 [38] | Italy | case report | 3 | male (3) | – | API (1), BSI (2) | PDR, CPKP |
ETP 0.5/1 g q24h MEM 1 g q12h/2 g q8h |
– |
ETP 128 R (1), 256 R (2) MEM 128 R (1), 256 R (2) |
21 2 24 |
– |
clinical response 3/3 microbiological response 3/3 demised 1/3 |
| Camargo, 2015 [52] | USA | case report | 1 | female | 64 |
IAI, VAP, BSI combined |
XDR, KPC-producing KP |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 1 g q12h |
CST |
ETP - MEM - CST 12 R |
12 | – |
microbiological failure emergence of colistin resistance switched to AVC + ETP |
| Chua, 2015 [41] | Singapore | case report | 2 | male (2) |
62 77 |
SSI (1), HAP (1) | KPC-producing KP |
ETP 0.5/1 g q24h DOR 0.5/1 g q8h (4 h infusions) |
PMB + CST PMB |
ETP 4 (1), > 32 (1) DOR 8 (1), − (1) PMB 1 (1), − (1) CST - |
12 10 + 7 |
30 13 |
clinical response 2/2 microbiological response 2/2 demised 2/2 |
| Oliva, 2015 [37] | Italy | case report | 1 | female | 75 | CVCI | PDR, KPC-producing KP |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 2 g q8h |
CST |
ETP 128 R MEM 256 R CST 32 R |
21 | – |
clinical response microbiological response |
| Tumbarello, 2015 [50] | Italy | case report | 8 | – | ≥18 | BSI | KPC-producing KP |
ETP MEM |
– |
ETP - MEM - |
≥2 | 14 | demised 3/8 |
| Alessandra, 2016 [46] | Italy | case series | 15 |
male (10) female (5) |
60.9 ± 10.9 | UTI (8), SSTI (2), EPI (2), PNA (1), MSI (2) | KPC-producing KP |
ETP 1 g (1 h infusions) MEM 2 g q8h (3 h infusions) |
– |
ETP > 8 R (14) MEM > 16 R (14) ETP, MEM > 32 R (1) |
15 (7–150) | 60 |
clinical response 12/15 microbiological response 12/15 adverse events 3/15 (nausea, hypernatremia and seizures) demised 1/15 |
| Cprek, 2016 [47] | USA | case series | 18 |
male (10) female (8) |
62.5(51–67) | BSI (7), PNA (5), IAI(2), UTI (3), SSSI (1) | CRKP |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 2 g q8h (17) DOR 0.5 g q8h (1) |
DOX, GEN AMK, CIP TGC + PMB CIP + TGC GEN + DOX |
CAB > 1 R DOX, GEN, AMK, CIP, TGC, PMB - |
17 (2–72) | 30 |
clinical response 7/18 microbiological response 11/14 adverse events 2/18 (2 seizures) demised 5/18 |
| Montelione, 2016 [40] | Italy | case report | 1 | male | 62 | API | XDR, CPKP |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 2 g q8h |
– |
ETP 128 R MEM 256 R |
28 | 1095 |
clinical response microbiological response |
| Oliva, 2016 [39] | Italy | case report | 1 | female | 61 |
SSI, HAP, SBSI combined |
KPC-producing EC |
ETP 0.5 g q24h (1 h infusions) MEM 2 g q12h (3 h infusions) |
– |
ETP 16 R MEM 32 R |
10 | – |
clinical response microbiological responsedemised |
| Basaranoglu,2017 [44] | Turkey | case report | 3 |
male (2) female (1) |
3 months 8 months 3 |
SBSI (1), CRBSI (2) | MDR KP |
ETP 0.015 g/kg q12h MEM 0.02–0.04 g/kg q8h |
CIP + TGC AMK + TGC + CIP CIP + AMK + CST |
ETP > 8 R (1), > 32 R (2) MEM > 6 R (1), > 32 R (2) CIP > 2 R (1), > 4 R (2) TGC 1 S (1), 2 S (1), > 2 R (1) AMK 16 IR (1), > 64 R (2) CST - |
14 15 26 |
– |
clinical response 2/3 microbiological response 3/3 |
| Nekidy, 2017 [36] | United Arab Emirates | case report | 1 | female | 62 | SSI, UTI, PNA, BSI combined | MDR KP |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 1 g q8h |
– |
ETP ≥8 R MEM - |
28 + 7, 10, 14, 28, 14 | – |
clinical response microbiological response |
| Souli, 2017 [45] | Greece | case series | 27 |
male (15) female (12) |
59(15–83) | BSI (13), UTI (12), VAP (1), EVDI (1) | PDR/XDR, KPC-II-producing KP |
ETP 1 g q24h (1 h infusions) MEM 2 g q8h (3 h infusions) |
– |
ETP > 8 IR MEM ≥2 IR |
10 (5–28) | 28 (9–200) |
clinical response 21/27 microbiological response 20/27 adverse events 4/27 (generalized rash, eosinophilia and 2 aseptic meningitis) demised 8/27 |
| Carrasco,2018 [42] | Spain | case report | 1 | female | 36 | BSI | XDR, KPC-producing KP |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 2 g q8h (3 h infusions) |
– |
ETP ≥32 R MEM ≥32 R |
14 | 90 |
clinical response microbiological response |
| Galvão, 2018 [43] | Brazil | case report | 1 | male | 59 |
SSI, SBSI combined |
XDR, KPC-producing KP |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 2 g q8h (4 h infusions) |
AMK + LZD +FCA |
ETP ≥8 R MEM ≥16 R AMK 4 S LZD - FCA - |
45 | – | multiple organ failure and demised |
| Liang, 2018 [48] | China | case report | 1 | male | 50 | SBSI | XDR KP |
ETP 1 g q24h (1 h infusions) MEM 1 g q8h (3 h infusions) |
– |
ETP R MEM R |
9 | – |
clinical response microbiological response |
| Rosa, 2018 [49] | USA | case report | 2 |
male (1) female (1) |
57 35 |
UTI | NDM-harboring KP/EC |
ETP 1 g q24h MEM 1 g q12h (4 h infusions) |
FOF |
ETP - MEM ≥16 R FOF 12 S (1), 256 R (1) |
14 | – |
clinical response 2/2 microbiological response 2/2 |
Abbreviations: DCT double-carbapenem therapy, PNA pneumonia, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, BSI bloodstream infection, SBSI secondary bloodstream infection, EPI endovascular prosthesis infection, API Aortic periprosthetic infection, CVCI central venous catheter infection, CRBSI catheter-related bloodstream infection, UTI urinary tract infection, IAI intra-abdominal infection, SSTI skin and soft tissue infection, SSSI skin and skin structure infection, SSI surgical site infection, EVDI external ventricular drainage infection, MSI multiple site infection, KP Klebsiella pneumoniae, EC Escherichia coli, CRKP carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae, CPKP carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae, KPC K. pneumoniae carbapenemase, KPC-II a type II carbapenem against KPC-producers, KPC-III a type III carbapenem against KPC-producers, NDM New Delhi Metallo-beta-lactamase, MDR multidrug resistant, XDR extensively drug resistant, PDR pandrug resistant, MEM meropenem, ETP ertapenem, DOR doripenem, CAB carbapenem antibiotics, CST colistin, GEN gentamicin, TGC tigecycline, CIP ciprofloxacin, AMK amikacin, FOF fosfomycin, LZD linezolid, PMB polymyxin B, DOX doxycycline, FCA fluconazole, AVC ceftazidime/avibactam, S sensitive, I intermediate, R resistant
-: not reported
a. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD), or median (range or interquartile range)