Table 1.

Therapies involving SCs and proinflammatory cytokines

Targeted cells or factors	Molecule or cell tested	Route of application	Subject	Therapeutic effect	Ref
Stem cells	Hair follicle stem cells	Direct application-hair skin graft	Patients	Less ulcer area, more granulation tissue formation and vascularization, and better innervation of the wound bed	[50, 51]
	Hair follicle stem cells	Intradermal injection	Rats	Less inflammation, more granulation tissue formation, and faster vascularization and epithelialization	[52]
	Hair follicle stem cells	Local injection	Patients	Increased hair density and hair follicle number	[66, 67]
	Mesenchymal stem cells	Injection/spray	Mice/patients	Less inflammatory cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and scar formation as well as faster wound closure	[55]
TNF-α	Anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody	Topical application	Mice/patients	Less leukocyte recruitment, rebalance of M1/M2 macrophages, more matrix synthesis, and faster wound healing	[58–60]
IL-1	Anti-IL-1β neutralizing antibody	Topical application	Cultured macrophages/mice	Lower proinflammatory macrophage phenotype and proinflammatory cytokines expression. Faster re-epithelialization and granulation tissue formation and more collagen deposition	[61]
	IL-1 receptor antagonist	Topical application	Mice	Less leukocyte and macrophage recruitment and faster wound healing	[62]
IL-17	Anti-IL-17A antibody	Local injection	Mice	More pro-healing macrophages and better wound closure	[63]