Table 2.
Baseline and intraoperative variables
| Variables | Without postoperative complications (n = 284) | With postoperative complications (n = 43) | P value a |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 46 ± 15 | 48 ± 16 | 0.379 |
| Male gender b | 119 (41.9%) | 28 (65.1%) | 0.004 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.3 ± 3.5 | 23.2 ± 3.7 | 0.811 |
| Preoperative comorbidity | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 38 (13.4%) | 12 (27.9%) | 0.014 |
| Coronary heart disease | 18 (6.3%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0.487 |
| Previous stroke | 9 (3.2%) | 7 (16.3%) | 0.002 |
| ASA classification b | 0.223 | ||
| 1 | 14 (4.9%) | 2 (4.7%) | |
| 2 | 210 (73.9%) | 26 (60.5%) | |
| 3 | 59 (20.8%) | 15 (34.9%) | |
| 4 | 1 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Preoperative examination | |||
| Hemoglobin (g/L) | 134 ± 18 | 133 ± 24 | 0.851 |
| Serum catecholamine | |||
| Dopamine (pmol/L) | 0.10 (0.05 to 0.31) | 0.10 (0.06 to 0.44) | 0.412 |
| Norepinephrine (pmol/L) | 11.7 (4.3 to 26.7) | 15.3 (4.9 to 33.1) | 0.397 |
| Epinephrine (pmol/L) | 0.45 (0.09 to 0.90) | 0.66 (0.28 to 1.20) | 0.100 |
| Maximal tumor diameter (cm) b,c | 5.3 ± 2.2 | 6.7 ± 3.2 | 0.012 |
| Paraganglioma b | 53 (18.7%) | 16 (37.2%) | 0.005 |
| Preoperative antihypertensives | |||
| α-AR antagonist d | 246 (86.6%) | 37 (86.0%) | 0.918 |
| Selective α1-AR antagonist | 144 (58.5%) | 20 (54.1%) | 0.607 |
| β-AR antagonist | 65 (22.9%) | 12 (27.9%) | 0.470 |
| Calcium channel blocker | 73 (25.7%) | 20 (46.5%) | 0.005 |
| Combined b | 83 (29.2%) | 22 (51.2%) | 0.004 |
| Intravenous fluid | 140 (49.6%) | 22 (51.2%) | 0.853 |
| Preoperative SBP (mmHg) | 125 ± 17 | 131 ± 13 | 0.040 |
| Preoperative DBP (mmHg) | 77 ± 12 | 81 ± 10 | 0.025 |
| Preoperative HR (bpm) | 74 ± 11 | 78 ± 9 | 0.020 |
| Period of surgery b | 0.005 | ||
| 2005–2009 | 65 (22.9%) | 7 (16.3%) | |
| 2010–2013 | 61 (21.5%) | 19 (44.2%) | |
| 2014–2017 | 158 (55.6%) | 17 (39.5%) | |
| Duration of anesthesia (min) | 214 ± 82 | 308 ± 148 | < 0.001 |
| Type of anesthesia b | 0.055 | ||
| General | 188 (66.2%) | 22 (51.2%) | |
| Combined epidural-general e | 96 (33.8%) | 21 (48.8%) | |
| Duration of surgery (min) b | 129 ± 75 | 223 ± 148 | < 0.001 |
| Type of surgery b | 0.015 | ||
| Open | 89 (31.3%) | 23 (53.5%) | |
| Laparoscopic | 192 (67.6%) | 20 (46.5%) | |
| Transurethral | 3 (1.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Estimated blood loss (ml) | 100 (50 to 300) | 500 (100 to 1800) | < 0.001 |
| Minimal hemoglobin (g/L) | 110 ± 22 | 96 ± 22 | 0.001 |
| Blood transfusion b,f | 37 (13.0%) | 20 (46.5%) | < 0.001 |
| Positive fluid balance (ml) | 2200 (1500 to 3025) | 3150 (2350 to 5475) | 0.001 |
| Use of antihypertensives | 243 (85.6%) | 41 (95.3%) | 0.077 |
| Combined antihypertensives b,g | 173 (60.9%) | 34 (79.1%) | 0.021 |
| Use of vasopressors b | 129 (45.4%) | 33 (76.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Combined vasopressors h | 46 (16.2%) | 16 (37.2%) | 0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD, number (%), or median (interquartile range)
BMI Body mass index, ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists, AR Adrenergic receptor, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, HR Heart rate
a Comparison between patients with or without postoperative complications
b Variables adjusted in the multivariate model
c Confirmed by postoperative pathologic examination results
d Including phenoxybenzamine, doxazosin and terazosin. Forty four patients did not receive α-AR antagonist therapy due to normal blood pressure and serum catecholamine level before surgery. Diagnosis of pheochromocytoma was confirmed by postoperative pathologic examination
e These patients also received postoperative patient-controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA)
f Includes packed red blood cell, fresh frozen plasma, and/or concentrated platelet
g Combined use of two or more intravenous antihypertensive drugs, including phentolamine, urapidil, nicardipine and/or esmolol
h Combined use of two or more intravenous vasopressors, including phenylephrine, norepinephrine, and/or epinephrine