Table 3.
Two-part regression model: adjusted marginal differences in healthcare expenditures among U.S. adults with arthritis by race and ethnicity 2008–2016 (n = 53,058)
| Marginal difference | 95% Confidence interval | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White (Reference) | – | – | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | -$946 | -$1355 to -$537 | *** |
| Hispanic | -$939 | -$480 to -$1397 | *** |
| Other | -$1178 | -$1713 to -$644 | *** |
| Year | |||
| 2008–2010 (Reference) | – | – | |
| 2011–2013 | $758 | $341 to $1176 | ** |
| 2014–2016 | $897 | $51 to $1281 | *** |
| Predisposing | |||
| Age | -$24.36 | -$39 to -$9 | *** |
| Sex | |||
| Male (Reference) | – | – | |
| Female | $362 | $22 to $701 | * |
| Region | |||
| Northeast (Reference) | – | – | |
| Midwest | -$86 | -$830 to $99 | |
| South | -$451 | -$883 to -$20 | |
| West | -$45 | -$524 to $434 | |
| Enabling | |||
| Education | |||
| < Bachelor’s Degree (Reference) | – | – | |
| > = Bachelor’s degree | $1119 | $708 to $1530 | |
| Employment | |||
| Employed (Reference) | – | – | |
| Unemployed | $2305 | $1839 to $2771 | |
| Poverty Category [family income to poverty line %] | |||
| High income [> = 400] (Reference) | – | – | |
| Middle Income [> = 200 & < 400] | -$851 | -$1295 to -$407 | ** |
| Low Income [> = 125 & < 200] | -$845 | -$1415 to -$275 | * |
| Near Poor [> = 100 & < 125] | -$1035 | -$1609 to -$460 | ** |
| Poor [< 100] | -$966 | -$1518 to -$415 | ** |
| Insurance Status | |||
| Any Private (Reference) | – | – | |
| Public only | -$830 | -$1214 to -$445 | *** |
| Uninsured | -$3937 | -$4500 to -$3373 | *** |
| Access to Care | |||
| Able to get care (Reference) | – | – | |
| Unable to get care | -$1591 | -$2152 to -$1030 | *** |
| No delays in receiving care (Reference) | – | – | |
| Delayed in receiving care | $2629 | $1905 to $3353 | *** |
| Need | |||
| Comorbidity Count (0–8) | $1575 | $1427 to $1722 | *** |
| Functional Limitations | |||
| Did not need help with ADL (Reference) | – | – | |
| Needed help with ADL | $5241 | $4184 to $6298 | *** |
| Did not need help with IADL (Reference) | – | – | |
| Needed help with IADL | $3829 | $3118 to $4540 | *** |
| BMI | |||
| Normal weight (Reference) | – | – | |
| Under weight | $1407 | $205 to $2609 | * |
| Overweight | $91 | -$358 to $540 | |
| Obese | $452 | $40 to $863 | |
| Joint Pain | |||
| No Joint Pain (Reference) | – | – | |
| Had joint pain | $1349 | $914 to $1785 | *** |
*p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001