FIGURE 1.

Heatmaps of neurobehavioral outcomes collectively identified as cognitive deficits (including executive function), ADHD risk, and behavioral problems, with missing information on gender differences shown in gray. Outcome intensities are displayed as colors ranging from pink (female) to blue (male) shown in the key. Gender differences were not observed in executive functions during childhood in offspring prenatally exposed to cocaine in one study only (Accornero et al., 2007); therefore, the heatmap displays blue as a result of the larger number of consistent studies reporting that boys are more susceptible to exhibit deficits in cognitive abilities when compared to girls (see text and also Table 1).