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. 2020 Jun 11;20(2):12. doi: 10.5334/ijic.4718

Table 5.

Two-step cluster analyses of structures, processes and outcomes in three mental health (MH) service networks.

Structures
Manager characteristics
Category 1
(n = 10; 22.2%)
“Metropolitan network: primary care teams”
Category 2
(n = 9; 20.0%)
“Metropolitan network: specialized MH teams”
Category 3
(n = 19; 42.2%)
“Urban network: all teams”
Category 4
(n = 7; 15.6%)
“Semi-urban network: all teams”
Combined
(n = 45; 10%)

n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD

Settings (n., %) Metropolitan MH service network 10 100% 9 100% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 19 1000
Urban MH service network 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 19 100% 0 0.0% 19 100%
Semi-urban MH service network 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 7 100.0% 7 100%
Government financial support for MH per inhabitant 125.8 CAN$ 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 7 100.0% 7 100%
207.7 CAN$ 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 19 100% 0 0.0% 19 100
210.7 CAN$ 10 100.% 9 100.% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 19 100%
Proportion of population with low income (n., %) 21.5% 10 52.6% 9 47.4% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 19 100%
10.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 7 100.0% 7 100%
<5.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 19 100.0% 0 0.0% 19 100%
High emergency room (ER) users (%, SD) 20.0 27.1 39.3 27.5 27.8 26.4 12.1 15.3 25.9 26.1
Frequency in use of clinical approaches (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–10) 5.5 1.7 6.1 1.8 6.1 1.8 6.4 2.4 6.0 1.9
Frequency in use of standardized clinical procedures and tools (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–42) 24.9 4.3 29.4 5.7 28.4 5.5 25.4 5.5 27.4 5.5
Organizational culture (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–600) Clan culture 298.8 37.3 163.1 46.5 177.4 63.7 187.7 59.3 203.1 74.5
Entrepreneurial culture 111.6 31.3 122.2 27.9 113.8 34.5 124.6 53.2 116.7 35.2
Market culture 66.1 19.3 148.8 21.0 117.9 38.5 89.1 46.0 108.1 43.5
Hierarchical culture 131.8 33.5 196.0 71.1 198.4 47.0 213.9 87.2 185.5 63.0
Frequency of interaction with other teams and services (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–5) 1.9 0.6 1.9 0.5 2.3 0.8 1.9 0.5 2.1 0,6
Frequency in use of integration strategies (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–5) 3.0 0.6 3.1 0.6 2.6 0.5 2.7 0.6 2.8 0.6
Team processes
MH professional characteristics
Category 1
(n = 92; 29.6%)
“Metropolitan network: psychosocial professionals”
Category 2
(n = 112; 36.0%)
“Metropolitan and urban networks: senior medical professionals”
Category 3
(n = 69; 22.2%)
“Urban network: psychosocial professionals”
Category 4
(n = 38; 12.2%)
“Semi-urban network: all professionals”
Combined
(n = 311; 100%)

n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD

Sites (n., %) Metropolitan MH service network 85 92.4% 69 61.6% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 154 100%
Urban MH service network 2 2.2% 43 38.4% 69 100% 0 0.0% 114 100%
Semi-urban MH service network 5 5.4% 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 38 100% 43 100%
Professions (n., %) Medical professions 35 38.0% 65 58.0% 0 0.0% 8 21.1% 108 100%
Psychosocial professions 53 57.6% 26 23.2% 69 100% 21 55.3% 169 100%
General professions 4 4.3% 21 18.8% 0 0.0% 9 23.7% 34 100%
Seniority in profession (Mean, SD) 8.3 10.1 10.4 11.4 9.5 11.4 5.4 7.8 8.9 10.7
Recovery-Oriented Services (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–7) 4.6 0.6 5.4 0.6 5.2 0.5 4.9 0.6 5.1 0.7
Team Interdependence (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–21) 12.3 3.0 15.1 2.7 13.3 3.1 13.6 2.9 13.7 3.1
Team Support (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–7) 4.3 1.1 5.4 0.9 4.5 1.2 5.1 1.1 4.8 1.2
Team Autonomy (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–7) 4.4 1.3 5.2 1.1 4.8 1.3 5.6 1.1 4.9 1.2
Involvement in the Decision–Making Process (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–7) 4.3 1.4 5.6 1.0 4.7 1.4 5.6 0.9 5.0 1.3
Work Role Performance (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–42) 32.9 3.0 36.3 2.8 34.0 3.1 34.9 3.0 34.6 3.2
Conflict Between Co-Workers (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–21) 10.3 3.7 8.4 2.4 8.9 2.5 7.6 1.5 9.0 2.9
Team Collaboration (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–28) 16.3 3.1 21.4 3.1 19.2 3.2 20.9 3.6 19.3 3.8
Job Satisfaction (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–35) 22.5 3.1 26.2 3.3 25.0 3.3 26.0 3.1 24.8 3.6
Outcomes
Service user characteristics
Category 1
(n = 84; 25.7%)
“Metropolitan network: middle-age men with positive outcomes”
Category 2
(n = 66; 20.1%)
“Metropolitan network: older women with few MH problems”
Category 3
(n = 88; 26.9%)
“Metropolitan and other networks: service users with complex MH problems and negative outcomes”
Category 4
(n = 89; 27.2%)
“Urban and semi-urban networks: young service users with drug disorders”
Combined
(n = 327; 100%)

n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD n/Mean %/SD

Sites (n., %) Metropolitan MH service network 84 100% 66 100% 43 48.9% 0 0.0% 193 100%
Urban MH service network 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 31 35.2% 45 50.6% 76 100%
Semi-urban MH service network 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 14 15.9% 44 49.4% 58 100%
Gender (n., %) Female 0 0.0% 66 100% 53 60.3% 45 50.6% 164 100%
Male 84 100% 0 0.0% 35 39.8% 44 49.4% 163 100%
Age categories (n., %) 18–44 19 22.6% 15 22.7% 28 31.8% 50 56.2% 112 100%
45–54 36 42.9% 20 30.3% 31 35.2% 20 22.5% 107 100%
55 and over 29 34.5% 31 47.0% 29 33.0% 19 21.3% 108 100%
Number of MH disorders (Mean, SD) 1.5 0.8 1.4 0.7 2.7 1.0 1.6 1.1 1.8 1.1
Personality disorders (n., %) 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 88 100% 5 5.4% 93 100%
Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) (Mean, SD); (rating: 1–5) 2.4 1.7 2.2 1.4 2.4 1.6 3.9 3.9 2.8 2.5
Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (Mean, SD); (rating: 0-10) 6.2 4.8 3.9 3.9 5.6 8.0 4.6 7.3 5.2 6.4
Severity of needs (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–260) 38.9 26.5 39.3 24.5 60.0 33.0 53.4 35.2 48.6 31.7
Adequacy of help received (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–520) 64.6 51.8 51.0 40.2 86.5 52.0 74.8 59.1 70.5 53.2
Alberta Continuity of Services Scale (ACSS) for Mental Health (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–215) 136.3 17.5 131.5 14.5 130.8 16.1 130.6 15.4 132.3 16.1
Recovery Self-Assessment Scale (RSA) (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–410) 168.2 25.1 163.6 17.7 162.3 20.2 164.2 28.0 164.6 23.4
Quality of life (Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale – SLDS) (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–140) 102.0 16.3 99.2 17.8 90.9 20.2 95.3 18.7 96.6 18.8