Table 5.
Two-step cluster analyses of structures, processes and outcomes in three mental health (MH) service networks.
| Structures Manager characteristics |
Category 1 (n = 10; 22.2%) “Metropolitan network: primary care teams” |
Category 2 (n = 9; 20.0%) “Metropolitan network: specialized MH teams” |
Category 3 (n = 19; 42.2%) “Urban network: all teams” |
Category 4 (n = 7; 15.6%) “Semi-urban network: all teams” |
Combined (n = 45; 10%) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | ||
| Settings (n., %) | Metropolitan MH service network | 10 | 100% | 9 | 100% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 1000 |
| Urban MH service network | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 100% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 100% | |
| Semi-urban MH service network | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 7 | 100.0% | 7 | 100% | |
| Government financial support for MH per inhabitant | 125.8 CAN$ | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 7 | 100.0% | 7 | 100% |
| 207.7 CAN$ | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 100% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 100 | |
| 210.7 CAN$ | 10 | 100.% | 9 | 100.% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 100% | |
| Proportion of population with low income (n., %) | 21.5% | 10 | 52.6% | 9 | 47.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 100% |
| 10.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 7 | 100.0% | 7 | 100% | |
| <5.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 100.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 19 | 100% | |
| High emergency room (ER) users (%, SD) | 20.0 | 27.1 | 39.3 | 27.5 | 27.8 | 26.4 | 12.1 | 15.3 | 25.9 | 26.1 | |
| Frequency in use of clinical approaches (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–10) | 5.5 | 1.7 | 6.1 | 1.8 | 6.1 | 1.8 | 6.4 | 2.4 | 6.0 | 1.9 | |
| Frequency in use of standardized clinical procedures and tools (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–42) | 24.9 | 4.3 | 29.4 | 5.7 | 28.4 | 5.5 | 25.4 | 5.5 | 27.4 | 5.5 | |
| Organizational culture (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–600) | Clan culture | 298.8 | 37.3 | 163.1 | 46.5 | 177.4 | 63.7 | 187.7 | 59.3 | 203.1 | 74.5 |
| Entrepreneurial culture | 111.6 | 31.3 | 122.2 | 27.9 | 113.8 | 34.5 | 124.6 | 53.2 | 116.7 | 35.2 | |
| Market culture | 66.1 | 19.3 | 148.8 | 21.0 | 117.9 | 38.5 | 89.1 | 46.0 | 108.1 | 43.5 | |
| Hierarchical culture | 131.8 | 33.5 | 196.0 | 71.1 | 198.4 | 47.0 | 213.9 | 87.2 | 185.5 | 63.0 | |
| Frequency of interaction with other teams and services (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–5) | 1.9 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 0.8 | 1.9 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 0,6 | |
| Frequency in use of integration strategies (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–5) | 3.0 | 0.6 | 3.1 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 2.8 | 0.6 | |
|
Team processes MH professional characteristics |
Category 1 (n = 92; 29.6%) “Metropolitan network: psychosocial professionals” |
Category 2 (n = 112; 36.0%) “Metropolitan and urban networks: senior medical professionals” |
Category 3 (n = 69; 22.2%) “Urban network: psychosocial professionals” |
Category 4 (n = 38; 12.2%) “Semi-urban network: all professionals” |
Combined (n = 311; 100%) |
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| n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | ||
| Sites (n., %) | Metropolitan MH service network | 85 | 92.4% | 69 | 61.6% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 154 | 100% |
| Urban MH service network | 2 | 2.2% | 43 | 38.4% | 69 | 100% | 0 | 0.0% | 114 | 100% | |
| Semi-urban MH service network | 5 | 5.4% | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 38 | 100% | 43 | 100% | |
| Professions (n., %) | Medical professions | 35 | 38.0% | 65 | 58.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 8 | 21.1% | 108 | 100% |
| Psychosocial professions | 53 | 57.6% | 26 | 23.2% | 69 | 100% | 21 | 55.3% | 169 | 100% | |
| General professions | 4 | 4.3% | 21 | 18.8% | 0 | 0.0% | 9 | 23.7% | 34 | 100% | |
| Seniority in profession (Mean, SD) | 8.3 | 10.1 | 10.4 | 11.4 | 9.5 | 11.4 | 5.4 | 7.8 | 8.9 | 10.7 | |
| Recovery-Oriented Services (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–7) | 4.6 | 0.6 | 5.4 | 0.6 | 5.2 | 0.5 | 4.9 | 0.6 | 5.1 | 0.7 | |
| Team Interdependence (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–21) | 12.3 | 3.0 | 15.1 | 2.7 | 13.3 | 3.1 | 13.6 | 2.9 | 13.7 | 3.1 | |
| Team Support (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–7) | 4.3 | 1.1 | 5.4 | 0.9 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 5.1 | 1.1 | 4.8 | 1.2 | |
| Team Autonomy (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–7) | 4.4 | 1.3 | 5.2 | 1.1 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 5.6 | 1.1 | 4.9 | 1.2 | |
| Involvement in the Decision–Making Process (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–7) | 4.3 | 1.4 | 5.6 | 1.0 | 4.7 | 1.4 | 5.6 | 0.9 | 5.0 | 1.3 | |
| Work Role Performance (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–42) | 32.9 | 3.0 | 36.3 | 2.8 | 34.0 | 3.1 | 34.9 | 3.0 | 34.6 | 3.2 | |
| Conflict Between Co-Workers (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–21) | 10.3 | 3.7 | 8.4 | 2.4 | 8.9 | 2.5 | 7.6 | 1.5 | 9.0 | 2.9 | |
| Team Collaboration (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–28) | 16.3 | 3.1 | 21.4 | 3.1 | 19.2 | 3.2 | 20.9 | 3.6 | 19.3 | 3.8 | |
| Job Satisfaction (Mean, SD) (Rating: 0–35) | 22.5 | 3.1 | 26.2 | 3.3 | 25.0 | 3.3 | 26.0 | 3.1 | 24.8 | 3.6 | |
|
Outcomes Service user characteristics |
Category 1 (n = 84; 25.7%) “Metropolitan network: middle-age men with positive outcomes” |
Category 2 (n = 66; 20.1%) “Metropolitan network: older women with few MH problems” |
Category 3 (n = 88; 26.9%) “Metropolitan and other networks: service users with complex MH problems and negative outcomes” |
Category 4 (n = 89; 27.2%) “Urban and semi-urban networks: young service users with drug disorders” |
Combined (n = 327; 100%) |
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| n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | n/Mean | %/SD | ||||
| Sites (n., %) | Metropolitan MH service network | 84 | 100% | 66 | 100% | 43 | 48.9% | 0 | 0.0% | 193 | 100% |
| Urban MH service network | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 31 | 35.2% | 45 | 50.6% | 76 | 100% | |
| Semi-urban MH service network | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 14 | 15.9% | 44 | 49.4% | 58 | 100% | |
| Gender (n., %) | Female | 0 | 0.0% | 66 | 100% | 53 | 60.3% | 45 | 50.6% | 164 | 100% |
| Male | 84 | 100% | 0 | 0.0% | 35 | 39.8% | 44 | 49.4% | 163 | 100% | |
| Age categories (n., %) | 18–44 | 19 | 22.6% | 15 | 22.7% | 28 | 31.8% | 50 | 56.2% | 112 | 100% |
| 45–54 | 36 | 42.9% | 20 | 30.3% | 31 | 35.2% | 20 | 22.5% | 107 | 100% | |
| 55 and over | 29 | 34.5% | 31 | 47.0% | 29 | 33.0% | 19 | 21.3% | 108 | 100% | |
| Number of MH disorders (Mean, SD) | 1.5 | 0.8 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.8 | 1.1 | |
| Personality disorders (n., %) | 0 | 0.0% | 0 | 0.0% | 88 | 100% | 5 | 5.4% | 93 | 100% | |
| Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST) (Mean, SD); (rating: 1–5) | 2.4 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 2.8 | 2.5 | |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) (Mean, SD); (rating: 0-10) | 6.2 | 4.8 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 5.6 | 8.0 | 4.6 | 7.3 | 5.2 | 6.4 | |
| Severity of needs (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–260) | 38.9 | 26.5 | 39.3 | 24.5 | 60.0 | 33.0 | 53.4 | 35.2 | 48.6 | 31.7 | |
| Adequacy of help received (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–520) | 64.6 | 51.8 | 51.0 | 40.2 | 86.5 | 52.0 | 74.8 | 59.1 | 70.5 | 53.2 | |
| Alberta Continuity of Services Scale (ACSS) for Mental Health (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–215) | 136.3 | 17.5 | 131.5 | 14.5 | 130.8 | 16.1 | 130.6 | 15.4 | 132.3 | 16.1 | |
| Recovery Self-Assessment Scale (RSA) (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–410) | 168.2 | 25.1 | 163.6 | 17.7 | 162.3 | 20.2 | 164.2 | 28.0 | 164.6 | 23.4 | |
| Quality of life (Satisfaction with Life Domains Scale – SLDS) (Mean, SD) (rating: 0–140) | 102.0 | 16.3 | 99.2 | 17.8 | 90.9 | 20.2 | 95.3 | 18.7 | 96.6 | 18.8 | |