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. 2018 Dec 1;39(1):17–35. doi: 10.1002/npr2.12040

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© 2018 The Authors. Neuropsychopharmacology Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of The Japanese Society of Neuropsychopharmacology

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Mice in the high‐dose group exhibited lower anxiety‐like behavior in the open field test. We performed the open field test during the fentanyl treatment period 1 (A). Distance traveled (B), vertical activity (C), time spent in the center of the compartment (D), and stereotypic counts (E) every 30 minutes for 120 minutes are shown. Mice in the high‐dose group spent significantly more time in the center of the open field during the 1st and 2nd 30‐minutes periods than the other groups. Data are presented as means ± SEM for the indicated numbers of animals. The P values indicate treatment effect in two‐way repeated measures ANOVA. The asterisk indicates a nominally significant difference for comparisons between treatment groups (P < 0.05)