Table 1. Qualitative description of main negative‡ and positive* outcomes reported in all studies investigating the relevance of types and amount of carboydrates used in T2DM diets in animal models.
| Study/Country | Dietary strategy | Feed manufacturer | Negative outcomes‡ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Very High carbohydrate diet | |||
| Parkman et al., 2016 [30] USA | 70,8% CHO: sucrose | Purina 5001, BMI Nutrition, Brentwood, USA | ↓glucose tolerance ↑BW |
| Arimura et al., 2017 [31] JPN | 71% CHO 59% CHO high protein | Wako Pure Chemical Industries, JPN | ↑BG in both diets albumin excretion higher in High protein group No difference in BW or C-Peptide |
| Arimura et al., 2018 [32] JPN | 71% CHO, 12% Protein 59% CHO, 24% Protein | - | High protein diet ↑HbA1c, ↑plasma insulin and retinal thickness No difference in BG, urinary glucose and BW |
| Author/Year/Country | Dietary strategy | Feed manufacturer | Negative outcomes‡ |
| Very High carbohydrate High fiber diet | |||
| Bolsinger et al., 2013 [29] USA | HC: 70% CHO MC: 40% CHO LC: 10% CHO HC+High Fiber: 70% CHO | - | Fasting BG higher in HC, followed by MC HC+High Fibre showed same results as LC |
| Study/Country | Dietary strategy | Feed manufacturer | Negative outcomes‡ |
| High carbohydrate diet | |||
| Bhathena et al., 1989 [23] USA | 54% CHO: Sucrose or starch | Teklad test diet, Madison, USA #40060 | ↑BG in sucrose group compared to starch ↑TC, TG and BW in the sucrose-fed group |
| Velasquez et al., 1995 [24] USA | 54% CHO: Sucrose or starch | Teklad test diet, Madison, USA #40060 | ↑urinary glucose, ↑BG Sucrose-fed: ↑protein excretion, abnormal glomeruli and ↑plasma insulin |
| Kazumi et al., 1997 [25] JPN | Chow + 10% glucose or fructose in water | CE-2, Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, JPN | Both glucose and fructose ↑BG Fructose ↑TG |
| Patel et al., 2009 [26] AUS | 61% CHO: fructose or cornstarch | - | Fructose: ↑fasting BG and ↓glucose tolerance ↑arterial stiffness |
| Nojima et al., 2013 [27] JPN | 47,8% CHO: 30% sucrose or 50% fat | CRF-1 Oriental Yeast, Tokyo, JPN | Sucrose-fed: ↓glucose tolerance and ↑BW Fat-fed: ↑BG |
| Zhuo et al., 2018 [28] CHN | 61% CHO: sucrose | - | ↑fasting BG, insulin, TC, TG, GLUT4 ↓GLUT2 in the liver |
| Author/Year/Country | Dietary strategy | Feed manufacturer | Negative outcomes‡ |
| Moderate carbohydrate diet | |||
| Noonan & Banks, 2000 [40] USA | 35% CHO: sucrose | F2685, Bioserv Frenchtown, USA | ↑fasting BG, BW and plasma insulin |
| Iwama et al., 2003 [20] JPN | 30% CHO: sucrose | - | ↑fasting BG, necrosis in pulpal tissue and alveolar bone reabsorption |
| Author/Year/Country | Dietary strategy | Feed Manufacturer | Negative outcomes‡ |
| Low carbohydrate diet | |||
| Pascoe et al., 1992 [33] AUS | 20% CHO | Allied Feeds, Sydney, Australia | ↑BG, BW, TC |
| Surwit et al., 1995 [34] USA | 25% CHO (High fat): HSHFD, LSHFD | Research Diets, New Brunswick, USA | High fat diet ↑BG, BW and plasma insulin (both HSHFD and LSHFD) |
| Kaneko et al., 2000 [35] JPN | 40% CHO 20%CHO | CE-2 Nippon Clea, Tokyo, Japan | 20% and 40% CHO: ↑fasting BG and ↓glucose tolerance 20% CHO: ↑BW and plasma insulin |
| Wang et al., 2003 [36] JPN | 10% CHO, 65% Fat | - | 10% CHO: ↑fasting BG, ↑BW, ↓plasma insulin and ↓glucose tolerance |
| Petro et al., 2004 [37] USA | 26% CHO | Research Diets, New Brunswick, USA | ↑fasting BG, BW and plasma insulin |
| Asghar et al., 2006 [38] CHN | 12% CHO: sucrose | Research Diets, New Brunswick, USA | ↑fasting BG ↑glucagon ↑plasma insulin |
| Study/Country | Dietary strategy | Feed Manufacturer | Positive outcomes* |
| Very High carbohydrate High fiber diet | |||
| Zhou et al., 2015 [22] CHN | 80% CHO: resistant starch | - | ↓BG, TC and TG ↑BW |
| High carbohydrate High fiber diet | |||
| Hedemann et al., 2017 [21] DNK | 52,95% CHO: Cornstarch, GLU, EMS orresistant starch | Altromin 1321, Brogaarden, DNK | ↓Fasting BG in resistant starch and cornstarch-fed ↓HbA1c in resistance starch-fed All diets ↑TG |
| Study/Country | Dietary strategy | Feed Manufacturer | Positive outcomes* |
| Moderate carbohydrate High fiber diet | |||
| Shen et al., 2011 [39] USA | 30% CHO: resistant starch | National Starch Food Innovation, Bridgewater, USA | ↓fasting BG, ↑insulin sensitivity, ↑cecal short chain fatty acids and butyrate producing bacteria |
| Study/Country | Dietary strategy | Feed Manufacturer | Positive outcomes* |
| Low carbohydrate High fiber diet | |||
| Marsh et al., 2009 [46] USA | 2% CHO | TestDiet, Richmond, USA | ↓Fasting BG and HbA1c ↑arterial stiffness |
| Sun et al., 2018 [45] CHN | Resistant starch: Low dose (10%) Medium dose (15%) High dose (20%) | National Starch and Chemical Company, Shanghai, CHN | ↓fasting BG, TC, TG and BW ↑plasma insulin |
USA = United States of America; BG = blood glucose; TC = total cholesterol; TG = triglycerides; BW = body weight; CHO = carbohydrate; JPN = Japan; AUS, = Australia; HC = high carbohydrate; MC = moderate carbohydrate; LC = low carbohydrate; CHN = China; HbA1c = glycated hemoglobin A1c;— = missing info; HSHFD = high sucrose high fat diet; LSHFD = low sucrose high fat diet; LSLFD = low sucrose low fat diet; HSLFD = high sucrose low fat diet; DNK = Denmark; ♀ = female; GLU = glucidex; EMS = enzimatically modified starch; IHC = immunohistochemestry.