Table 1.
Characteristics of G2 and G3 offspring stratified by family high-risk status (G1 moderate to severe MDD)
| Second generation (G2) children | Third generation (G3) children | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total N=275 | High risk N=190 | Low risk N=85 | Total N=118 | High risk N=69 | Low risk N=49 | |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | No. (%) | |
| Number of families | 90 | 64 | 26 | 40 | 28 | 12 |
| Female | 145 (53) | 98 (52) | 47 (55) | 59 (50) | 34 (49) | 25 (51) |
| Anxiety disorders, before age 18 | ||||||
| Definite or probable anxiety disorder | 122 (44) | 97 (51) | 25 (29) | 59 (50) | 39 (57) | 20 (41) |
| Separation anxiety | 59 (21) | 43 (23) | 16 (19) | 6 (5) | 5 (7) | 1 (2) |
| Specific phobia | 56 (20) | 45 (24) | 11 (13) | 37 (31) | 25 (36) | 12 (24) |
| GAD | 34 (12) | 29 (15) | 5 (6) | 3 (3) | 3 (4) | 0 (0) |
| Panic disorder or agoraphobia | 17 (6) | 17 (9) | 0 (0) | 13 (11) | 11 (16) | 2 (4) |
| OCD | 10 (4) | 9 (5) | 1 (1) | 6 (5) | 5 (7) | 1 (2) |
| Social phobia | 25 (9) | 20 (11) | 5 (6) | 21 (18) | 16 (23) | 5 (10) |
| PTSD | - | - | - | 9 (8) | 6 (9) | 3 (6) |
| Multiple anxiety disorders | 51 (19) | 43 (23) | 8 (9) | 19 (16) | 17 (25) | 2 (4) |
| Age at anxiety onset, median (IQR), years | 5 (4–9) | 5 (4–10) | 5 (4–7) | 5 (5–10) | 5 (5–6) | 9 (4–13) |
| Psychiatric disorders, before age 18 | ||||||
| Any mood disorder | 125 (45) | 100 (53) | 25 (29) | 38 (32) | 27 (39) | 11 (22) |
| MDD | 87 (32) | 74 (39) | 13 (15) | 18 (15) | 11 (16) | 7 (14) |
| Dysthymia | 78 (28) | 60 (32) | 18 (21) | 15 (13) | 11 (16) | 4 (8) |
| Alcohol or drug use disorder | 71 (26) | 53 (28) | 18 (21) | 20 (17) | 13 (19) | 7 (14) |
| Disruptive disorder | 89 (32) | 69 (36) | 20 (24) | 23 (19) | 14 (20) | 9 (18) |
| Grandparent & parent MDD history, ever† | ||||||
| Grandparent and parent | - | - | - | 21 (18) | 21 (30) | - |
| Grandparent, no parent | - | - | - | 48 (41) | 48 (70) | - |
| Parent, no grandparent | - | - | - | 12 (10) | - | 12 (24) |
| No parent, no grandparent | - | - | - | 37 (31) | - | 37 (76) |
| Parent psychiatric history, ever | ||||||
| MDD (moderate/severe)† | 195 (71) | 190 (100) | 5 (6)‡ | 33 (28) | 21 (30) | 12 (24) |
| Any MDD (no impairment criterion) | - | - | - | 86 (73) | 54 (78) | 32 (65) |
| Any mood disorder | 199 (72) | 190 (100) | 9 (11) | 97 (82) | 60 (87) | 37 (76) |
| Anxiety disorder | 83 (30) | 76 (40) | 7 (8) | 95 (81) | 56 (81) | 39 (80) |
| Alcohol or drug use disorder | 107 (39) | 95 (50) | 12 (14) | 78 (66) | 52 (75) | 26 (53) |
MDD: Major depressive disorder; OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder; PTSD: post-traumatic stress disorder; GAD: generalized anxiety disorder
†
Parent (G2) MDD measure with impairment criterion applied
‡
Five G1 probands reported MDD at later ages