Table 1.
Demographic, anthropometric, clinical, and biochemical characteristics.
| CVD (n = 68) | CAGB+VR (n = 32) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 65.99 ± 10.64, 66.00 (59.00-74.75) | 66.31 ± 10.96, 68.50 (55.75-77.00) |
| Male gender (n, %) | 60, 88.24% | 28, 87.50% |
| BMI | 28.50 ± 4.69, 27.80 (25.40-30.39) | 28.07 ± 4.95, 26.00 (24.63-30.57) |
| WC (cm) | 106.00 ± 13.97, 105.00 (102.00-116.00) | 104.90 ± 12.28, 104.00 (102.00-110.80) |
| EAT thickness (mm) | 7.40 ± 2.55, 8.00 (5.00-9.00) | 6.70 ± 2.27, 7.00 (5.00-8.00) |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 102.70 ± 40.22, 93.00 (81.75-107.00) | 93.58 ± 15.76, 94.00 (79.00-103.00) |
| Fasting insulin (microU/mL) | 9.51 ± 6.66, 8.15 (5.87-11.39) | 9.24 ± 4.19, 8.68 (6.27-12.22) |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.49 ± 1.33, 5.41 (4.93-6.04) | 4.90 ± 1.09, 5.17 (4.06-5.76)∗ |
| HOMA-IR | 2.21 ± 1.88, 1.57 (1.12-2.71) | 1.64 ± 0.73, 1.61 (1.02-2.23) |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 157.20 ± 36.33, 154.50 (134.50-179.80) | 161.80 ± 37.24, 159.50 (132.80-182.80) |
| LDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 89.22 ± 32.39, 83.80 (68.20-108.70) | 93.56 ± 35.06, 92.20 (65.20-115.00) |
| HDL-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 54.54 ± 37.60, 43.00 (33.50-53.00) | 70.97 ± 48.22, 48.00 (40.00-103.00) |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 119.90 ± 68.68, 105.50 (74.00-152.50) | 98.58 ± 56.11, 97.00 (43.00-122.00) |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.99 ± 1.92, 0.30 (0.10-0.80) | 0.71 ± 1.32, 0.20 (0.10-0.50) |
| ALT (U/L) | 34.66 ± 35.79, 25.00 (15.00-39.00) | 33.74 ± 42.11, 24.00 (15.00-32.00) |
| AST (U/L) | 30.82 ± 31.93, 21.00 (16.00-39.00) | 35.35 ± 41.39, 21.00 (16.00-31.00) |
| Smoking (n, %) | 38, 55.88% | 15, 46.88% |
| Hypertension (n, %) | 53, 77.94% | 25, 78.13% |
| History of cardiovascular diseases (n, %) | 25, 36.76% | 11, 34.38% |
| Dyslipidemia (n, %) | 46, 67.65% | 18, 56.25% |
| Diabetes (n, %) | 17, 25.00% | 2, 6.25%∗ |
| Aspirin (n, %) | 48, 70.59% | 20, 62.50% |
| ACEI/ARB (n, %) | 46, 67.64% | 23, 71.88% |
| Antidiabetic agents | 15, 22.07% | 2, 6.25% |
| β-Blockers (n, %) | 39, 57.35% | 16, 50.00% |
| Calcium channel blockers (n, %) | 15, 22.06% | 6, 18.75% |
| Statins (n, %) | 46, 67.65% | 18, 56.25% |
The table shows the main characteristics of the whole studied population (CVD: cardiovascular disease patients) and the subgroup of patients who underwent either CABG (coronary artery bypass grafting) or VR (valvular replacement). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (25th-75th percentiles) or number and proportions. ACEI: angiotensinogen-converting enzyme inhibitor; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ARB: angiotensin receptor blockade; BMI: body mass index; CRP: C reactive protein; EAT: epicardial adipose tissue; HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; WC: waist circumference. ∗p < 0.05.