Table 2.

Summary of the main effects of quercetin on antiatherosclerosis in vitro.

Effect	Cell line	Target and mechanism	Reference
Cells from animals
Anti-inflammation	RAW264.7 cells	Downregulate IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, MCP-1, COX-2, MMP-1, SOCS3 induced by LPS and suppress LPS-induced the phosphorylation of STAT3	[18]
	RAW264.7 cells	Suppress NF-κB and MAPK signaling in LPS-stimulated	[124]
	VSMCs	Suppress inflammation response via inactivating NF-κB and suppressing proinflammatory gene expression	[78]
	DCs	Inhibit DC maturation via upregulation of Dabs and downregulate the Src/PI3K/Akt-NF-κB-inflammatory pathways	[111]
	RAW264.7 cells	Attenuate secretion of TNF-α or MCP-1	[125]
Endothelium protection	RAW264.7 cells	Ameliorate overproduction of ROS induced by oxLDL	[18]
	MPMs	Inhibit ROS formation and block the vital step in activation of NADPH oxidase-membrane translocation of p47phox	[16]
	RAW264.7 cells	Protected sialic acid against H2O2-induced degradation	[125]
Lipid lowering	RAW264.7 cells	Ameliorate lipid deposition	[18]
	Raw 264.7 cells	Improve the protein expression of ABCG1 and ABCA1 to promote cholesterol efflux	[125]
	Raw 264.7 cells	Upregulate the protein expression of ABCA1, ABCG1, and LXRα and downregulate the protein expression of PCSK9, P53, P21, and P16	[126]
Antiapoptosis	NRK cells	Activate autophagy	[127]
	RAW264.7 cells	Promote autophagy by increasing expression of LC3-II/I and Beclin1 and block the expression of MST1 induced by ox LDL	[86]
	RAW264.7 cells	Activate the PI3K/AKT pathway	[78]
	EPCs	Activate ERK and the ERK signaling pathway	[113]
Cells from human
Anti-inflammation	HUVECs	Attenuate caveolin-1 expression in endothelial cells	[128]
	HUVECs	Reduce intracellular ROS and inhibit of NF-κB and AP-1 activation	[129]
	HUVECs	Downregulate mRNA expression of MCP-1 and alleviate nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 subunit through attenuating the TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway	[32]
	PBMCs	Suppress cytokine and TNF-α release by modulating TLR-NF-κB signaling pathway and TLR-mediated MAPK pathway	[77]
	HUVECs	Inhibit expression of proinflammatory factors and endothelin-1	[130]
	VSMCs	Inhibit TNFα-mediated vascular inflammatory responses	[131]
	HUVECs	Inhibitory effect on MCP-1 as well as inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α	[132]
Anti-apoptosis	HaVSMCs	Decrease relative expression levels of members of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, including P53, puma and Noxa, caspase-3, and caspase-8	[133]
	EA.hy926 cells	Regulate Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway by increasing the expression of p-Akt and p-GSK3β	[134]
Lowering lipid	Human HepG2 cell line	Promote selective uptake of HDL-C by enhancing SR-BI expression through stimulating the PPAR γ/LXRα pathway.	[61]
	THP-1 macrophages	Increase ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux through LXRα pathway to promote RCT	[62]