Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants.
| Characteristic | Participants, No. (%) | |
|---|---|---|
| Intervention (n = 132) | Control (n = 137) | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 48.5 (10.8) | 49.1 (12.9) |
| Male | 62 (47.0) | 66 (48.2) |
| Race | ||
| White | 67 (50.8) | 68 (49.6) |
| Black or African American | 61 (46.2) | 63 (46.0) |
| Asian | 1 (0.8) | 4 (2.9) |
| Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander | 1 (0.8) | 0 |
| Other race | 2 (1.5) | 2 (1.5) |
| Hispanic or Latino | 2 (1.5) | 4 (2.9) |
| Not high school graduate | 29 (22.0) | 37 (27.0) |
| Never married | 98 (74.2) | 85 (62.0) |
| Lives in residential program or with caregiver | 76 (57.6) | 77 (56.2) |
| Unable to work or receiving disability | 112 (84.9) | 120 (87.6) |
| Health insurance | 130 (98.5) | 135 (98.5) |
| Medicaid | 125 (94.7) | 129 (94.2) |
| Medicare | 68 (51.5) | 67 (48.9) |
| Regular physician | 126 (95.5) | 129 (94.2) |
| Routine physical examination in the past year | 113 (85.6) | 122 (92.4) |
| Psychiatric diagnoses | ||
| Schizophrenia | 40 (30.3) | 41 (29.9) |
| Schizoaffective disorder | 46 (34.9) | 32 (23.4) |
| Bipolar disorder | 25 (18.9) | 42 (30.7) |
| Major depression | 20 (15.2) | 18 (13.1) |
| Other psychotic disorder | 1 (0.8) | 4 (2.9) |
| History of alcohol or other substance use disordera | 69 (52.3) | 69 (50.4) |
| All medications, mean (SD), No. | 9.4 (5.7) | 10.4 (5.4) |
| Psychotropic medications, mean (SD), No. | 3.5 (1.9) | 3.6 (1.8) |
| Antipsychotic | ||
| Any | 106 (80.3) | 114 (83.2) |
| Second generation | 86 (65.2) | 103 (75.2) |
| Clozapine or olanzapine | 29 (22.0) | 34 (24.8) |
| Lithium or mood stabilizer | 68 (51.5) | 82 (59.9) |
| Antidepressant | 86 (65.2) | 88 (64.2) |
| Psychiatric measures, mean (SD), score | ||
| Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale–24b | 1.1 (0.7) | 1.2 (0.7) |
| Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scalec | 20.8 (11.8) | 19.9 (12.0) |
| Cardiovascular risk factors, No.d | ||
| 1 | 14 (10.6) | 20 (14.6) |
| 2 | 37 (28.0) | 23 (16.8) |
| 3 | 39 (29.6) | 47 (34.3) |
| 4 | 33 (25.0) | 34 (24.8) |
| 5 | 9 (6.8) | 13 (9.5) |
a
Determined according to the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale–24, the Addiction Severity Index, and diagnoses captured during medical chart abstraction.
b
Overall summary scores on the Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale–24 range from 0 to 4, with higher scores indicating greater severity of symptoms.
c
Scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale range from 0 to 60, with higher scores indicating more depressive symptoms; a score of 16 points is considered to be a cutoff point for depression.
d
Includes body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) greater than or equal to 25, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and tobacco smoking.