Table 1.

List of inclusion/exclusion criteria.

PICOSa component	Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Participants	Adults ≥18 years. Studies including individuals ≥16 years were included if at least 70% of the participants were ≥18 years	Apps targeting health professionals
Intervention and context	Studies investigating digital interventions using smartphone health and well-being behavior change apps on the following behaviors and outcomes: smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diet and mental health, and well-being	Studies where the smartphone was not the primary intervention component
Outcomes	Qualitative: findings described as facilitators, barriers, determinants of uptake, or engagement with health or well-being apps (either already existing or planned to be developed), including perceptions, beliefs, experiences, and interest of the participants. Quantitative: uptake, measured as number of downloads, and engagement measured as number of logins, frequency of use, or any other relevant measure that tracks user engagement	Usability and user-testing studies, where functionality and app design were exclusively investigated for specific apps
Study design	All study designs were included	None

^aPICOS: Population, Intervention, Comparison or Context, Outcomes, and Study Type.